{"id":9721,"date":"2016-07-15T17:59:39","date_gmt":"2016-07-15T20:59:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.amchamchile.cl\/?p=148103"},"modified":"2016-08-03T10:24:32","modified_gmt":"2016-08-03T13:24:32","slug":"economia-colaborativa-un-nuevo-modelo-de-negocio","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/economia-colaborativa-un-nuevo-modelo-de-negocio\/","title":{"rendered":"[:es]Econom\u00eda colaborativa, un nuevo modelo de negocio[:en]The sharing economy; a new business model[:]"},"content":{"rendered":"

[:es]En Chile este nuevo paradigma implicar\u00e1 oportunidades de mejora para diversos sectores de la econom\u00eda, cambios en el comportamiento de consumidores y una mayor competencia.<\/strong><\/p>\n

El arribo de nuevos servicios en l\u00ednea para el transporte de pasajeros, a trav\u00e9s de Uber y Cabify, ha producido un cambio relevante en la forma en que millones de clientes perciben el transporte privado.<\/p>\n

Uber Technologies Inc. fue creada en San Francisco, California, hace apenas siete a\u00f1os. Aprovechando el IPhone de Apple Corp., los fundadores desarrollaron una aplicaci\u00f3n en l\u00ednea para tel\u00e9fonos inteligentes que permite a los usuarios conseguir un conductor privado para una carrera, cuyo valor se carga autom\u00e1ticamente a una tarjeta de cr\u00e9dito pre inscrita.<\/p>\n

La innovaci\u00f3n est\u00e1 no s\u00f3lo en poder pedir un taxi a trav\u00e9s de una app, sino tambi\u00e9n en que el servicio fuese dado por un veh\u00edculo con licencia para tal efecto y manejado por el propietario del autom\u00f3vil particular, con licencia para conducir y previamente inscrito como proveedor en la aplicaci\u00f3n junto con el cumplimiento de ciertos requisitos b\u00e1sicos. Los usuarios pronto descubrieron que esas apps les pod\u00edan proporcionar transporte m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido y a una tarifa, a menudo, menor.<\/p>\n

El concepto creci\u00f3 r\u00e1pidamente y hoy opera en 66 pa\u00edses y 449 ciudades, entre ellas, Santiago, Buenos Aires y Sao Paulo. En junio, Arabia Saud\u00ed invirti\u00f3 US$ 3.500 millones en Uber, valorando a la compa\u00f1\u00eda en m\u00e1s de US$ 60.000 millones; es decir, la capitalizaci\u00f3n de mercado de Goldman Sachs.<\/p>\n

Desde su lanzamiento en Chile, en diciembre de 2014, Uber ha incorporado a m\u00e1s de 25.000 conductores privados, comparado con s\u00f3lo 24.500 taxis con licencia. Uber y sus competidores son s\u00f3lo uno de los ejemplos m\u00e1s p\u00fablicos de una nueva e importante tendencia tecnol\u00f3gica: la econom\u00eda compartida o colaborativa.<\/p>\n

Anteriormente, se hab\u00eda visto c\u00f3mo Internet asumi\u00f3 una parte fundamental de la econom\u00eda convencional, en la sustituci\u00f3n de tiendas f\u00edsicas por las online, pero conservando la infraestructura f\u00edsica de respaldo. Pero las empresas en una econom\u00eda colaborativa juegan un papel diferente utilizando tecnolog\u00eda para vincular a los consumidores con los proveedores. Cabify y Uber ofrecen transporte de pasajeros, pero no lo proporcionan ellos, sino que lo derivan hacia conductores independientes.<\/p>\n

\"cuevas_1\"
\nCarlos Cuevas, CEO de Sinbad<\/em><\/p>\n

Otro ejemplo es Airbnb, plataforma web y aplicaci\u00f3n, que ofrece alojamiento temporal. Si bien ya hay empresas como<\/p>\n

Expedia y Booking de reservas en l\u00ednea para vuelos y vacaciones, su innovaci\u00f3n fue darles a esos pasajeros la posibilidad de alojarse en casas de personas particulares, e incluso, brind\u00e1ndoles experiencias poco probables de encontrar en el sistema tradicional, como alojarse en una casa-barco en un canal o en una caba\u00f1a en el medio de un bosque.<\/p>\n

Pero la verdadera ventaja est\u00e1 en el costo: a trav\u00e9s de Airbnb los viajeros pueden encontrar alojamiento en barrios c\u00e9ntricos de Manhattan o Par\u00eds a una fracci\u00f3n del valor de un hotel convencional. En tanto, los propietarios pueden obtener mayores r\u00e9ditos alquil\u00e1ndoles a pasajeros de fin de semana que a los de larga estancia.<\/p>\n

Lanzado un a\u00f1o antes de Uber (y tambi\u00e9n en San Francisco), Airbnb cuenta con 1,5 millones de propiedades inscritas en 191 pa\u00edses (incluyendo unas 4.000 en Chile).<\/p>\n

Plataformas como Airbnb y Uber toman sectores informales ya existentes y los revolucionan utilizando tecnolog\u00eda para inyectarles transparencia.<\/p>\n

Carlos Cuevas, CEO de Sinbad, un sitio de reservas en l\u00ednea para arrendar casas de vacaciones, dice que en 2012 se inspir\u00f3 al ver turistas llegar a su natal La Serena y caer en manos de propietarios incompetentes e inescrupulosos. Al igual que Airbnb, Sinbad incluye una funci\u00f3n de comentarios para que los usuarios valoren sus experiencias, ayudando as\u00ed a otros a evitar alojamientos que no est\u00e1n al nivel.Convertir a cada hu\u00e9sped en un potencial inspector implica una mejor calidad de servicio de la que lograr\u00eda un apresurado gerente de hotel, por ejemplo.<\/p>\n

Pero quienes abogan por ella, apuestan a que la econom\u00eda compartida est\u00e1 apenas en su infancia y que puede transformar muchos m\u00e1s aspectos de la vida cotidiana.<\/p>\n

El potencial de las finanzas<\/strong><\/p>\n

Una de las \u00e1reas punta de lanza en innovaci\u00f3n es la de servicios financieros. Actualmente, una legi\u00f3n creciente de sitios de pr\u00e9stamos entre pares (peer-to-peer, P2P) re\u00fanen a aquellos que disponen de m\u00e1s dinero con otros que lo necesitan. \u00bfEl resultado? los inversionistas reciben un mejor retorno por su inversi\u00f3n de la que obtendr\u00edan por un dep\u00f3sito a plazo fijo, mientras los usuarios pueden acceder al cr\u00e9dito a tasas mucho m\u00e1s bajas.<\/p>\n

El a\u00f1o pasado, los inversionistas P2P del Reino Unido proporcionaron m\u00e1s de 3.000 millones de libras esterlinas a consumidores y negocios; representando el 12% de los pr\u00e9stamos otorgados a Pymes (Peque\u00f1as y Medianas Empresas) ese a\u00f1o.<\/p>\n

Lanzado en 2010, la chilena Cumplo es la plataforma P2P m\u00e1s grande de Am\u00e9rica Latina con pr\u00e9stamos por US$ 105 millones hasta el momento, en una red de 1.000 Pymes. Al ofrecer pr\u00e9stamos debajo de las tasas de inter\u00e9s de las instituciones financieras tradicionales, este negocio se est\u00e1 expandiendo exponencialmente. El CEO y fundador, Nicol\u00e1s Shea, estima que el pr\u00f3ximo a\u00f1o prestar\u00e1 US$ 100 millones; es decir, US$ 42 millones m\u00e1s que en 2015, y agrega que podr\u00edan llegar hasta unos US$ 300 millones al a\u00f1o siguiente.<\/p>\n

Si bien este sitio todav\u00eda representa s\u00f3lo una fracci\u00f3n de los US$ 30.000 millones que mueve el mercado crediticio de Chile, su impacto en el sector ha sido profundo. Empresas que alguna vez pagaron tasas de inter\u00e9s anuales de 30% (para financiar el pago de facturas) o de 40% mediante tarjetas de cr\u00e9dito (pr\u00e1ctica com\u00fan entre peque\u00f1as empresas familiares), ahora est\u00e1n pagan s\u00f3lo entre 10% y 20%. En lugar de ganar a trav\u00e9s una diferencia en las tasas de inter\u00e9s, Cumplo gana una peque\u00f1a comisi\u00f3n seg\u00fan el tama\u00f1o de los pr\u00e9stamos otorgados.<\/p>\n

\"Shea\"
\nNicol\u00e1s Shea, CEO y fundador de Cumplo<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cMuchas veces somos el primer sitio al que agentes financieros visitan cada ma\u00f1ana para verificar y tratar de robarnos clientes ofreciendo mejores tasas que las nuestras\u201d, cuenta Shea.<\/p>\n

El impacto de Cumplo no se hace sentir solo por las menores tasas de inter\u00e9s ofrecidas por sus inversionistas, sino tambi\u00e9n haciendo que toda la informaci\u00f3n acerca de sus prestatarios y sus pr\u00e9stamos est\u00e9 disponible para ser verificada por todos en l\u00ednea: condiciones generales, tasas de\u00a0 inter\u00e9s y nombres de prestatarios confiables.<\/p>\n

\u201cEstamos sustituyendo el an\u00e1lisis financiero por el conocimiento colectivo de la red, lo que es mucho m\u00e1s eficiente y libre\u201d, comenta Shea.<\/p>\n

El impacto de Cumplo en sus clientes ha sido igualmente profundo. El ahorro en tasas de inter\u00e9s les ha permitido a algunos crecer mucho m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido que con un pr\u00e9stamo tradicional.<\/p>\n

Mientras los competidores de Cumplo est\u00e1n contraatacando mejorando sus servicios y reduciendo los costos a sus clientes, otros sectores que se han visto sacudidos por esta econom\u00eda compartida est\u00e1n reclamando juego sucio.<\/p>\n

Nuevas regulaciones<\/strong><\/p>\n

Desde taxistas parisinos a hoteleros neoyorquinos, los negocios tradicionales est\u00e1n presionando a las autoridades alrededor del mundo para que adopten medidas tendientes a frenar a quienes ellos consideran competidores ilegales que ignoran las regulaciones para proporcionar servicios a precios rebajados.<\/p>\n

Reunidos en Montevideo, Uruguay, en abril de este a\u00f1o, hoteleros de Am\u00e9rica del Sur, incluyendo algunos de Chile, han tratado de exigir a sus respectivos gobiernos medidas en contra del sector de alojamiento informal, el que deber\u00eda cumplir con las mismas normas que regulan a los hoteles y hostales, con est\u00e1ndares de seguridad y salud y el pago de impuestos, plantean.<\/p>\n

En otras partes del mundo Airbnb genera descontento m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de los hoteleros. Algunos neoyorquinos culpan a la aplicaci\u00f3n por el aumento de los arriendos, mientras que el gobierno de Barcelona dej\u00f3 de emitir permisos para alquileres de corto plazo por temor a que la ciudad se vea invadida por turistas que llegan mediante la aplicaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Pero el gobierno chileno, que est\u00e1 tratando de aumentar el n\u00famero de turistas que llegan al pa\u00eds, quiere incorporar esas plataformas y las propiedades que figuran en su listado de la industria de turismo. \u201cTenemos que generar las condiciones para que sean parte de lo que se oferta\u201d, dijo a bUSinessCHILE Javiera Montes, Subsecretaria de turismo.<\/p>\n

Trabajando con los municipios en seis de los destinos m\u00e1s populares de Chile, el Gobierno busca alentar a propietarios de departamentos para que se inscriban como proveedores oficiales de servicios tur\u00edsticos. Con este fin, Sinbad proporciona asesoramiento gratuito a los due\u00f1os de departamentos ayud\u00e1ndolos a formalizar su situaci\u00f3n fiscal; tanto, que ahora les cobra y paga sus propios impuestos, dice Cuevas.<\/p>\n

En abril de este a\u00f1o, Andr\u00e9s G\u00f3mez-Lobo, Ministro de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones, anunci\u00f3 que los inspectores del Ministerio han comenzado a inspeccionar a los conductores de Uber para verificar si cumplen con las normas chilenas de transporte. Aquellos que no, podr\u00edan perder su licencia y ver su veh\u00edculo incautado.<\/p>\n

En otros lugares las autoridades han tratado de acomodarse a la nueva tecnolog\u00eda. Unas de las primeras en hacerlo fueron las de Silicon Valley en California, creando una nueva categor\u00eda de empresas para la red de transporte, con requisitos espec\u00edficos respecto de p\u00f3lizas de seguros.<\/p>\n

Este a\u00f1o, la Ciudad de Nueva Yorkaprob\u00f3 la legislaci\u00f3n exigiendo que Uber respete muchas de las mismas normas que cumplen los taxis amarillos, incluyendo controles mediante huellas dactilares para sus conductores y que sus autos sean accesibles a pasajeros con discapacidad. No obstante, siguen estando prohibidos en el resto del Estado de Nueva York. En Washington D.C., el Consejo Municipal vot\u00f3 para legalizar estos servicios, pero s\u00f3lo despu\u00e9s de una campa\u00f1a realizada por los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n por usuarios de Uber.<\/p>\n

A pesar de las inquietudes de taxistas y de las inspecciones llevadas a cabo en Chile, Uber ha continuado operando y ganando adeptos. Durante la movilizaci\u00f3n del 12 de mayo, la empresa ofreci\u00f3 transporte gratuito a todos los usuarios y acord\u00f3 pagar todas las multas cursadas a sus conductores.<\/p>\n

La empresa est\u00e1 convencida de que no est\u00e1 infringiendo ley alguna o, dicho de otra manera, de que sus operaciones caen fuera de las normas vigentes. \u201cEl servicio que ofrecen los socios conductores de Uber es un transporte privado y como tal no est\u00e1 cubierto por las normas vigentes\u201d, dijo Soledad Lago, portavoz de la compa\u00f1\u00eda, agregando que cada conductor es responsable de declarar los ingresos obtenidos por su servicio de transporte de pasajeros.<\/p>\n

A pesar de su postura inicial de l\u00ednea dura, el Gobierno reconoce que se deben cambiar las regulaciones para abrir mercados a nuevos actores innovadores, garantizando que \u00e9stos cumplan con algunas reglas b\u00e1sicas. \u201cDebemos ser capaces de darle la oportunidad a formas creativas de hacer negocios \u201c, dijo el Ministro de Econom\u00eda de Chile, Luis Felipe C\u00e9spedes, a estudiantes en la Universidad de Harvard en abril.<\/p>\n

Ese mismo mes, el diputado Pedro Browne present\u00f3 un proyecto de ley para ayudar a traer aplicaciones dise\u00f1adas para compartir carreras (ridesharing) que cumplan con la ley; mientras que la Comisi\u00f3n de Transportes del Senado realiz\u00f3 una serie de reuniones con ambas partes del conflicto en aras de encontrar terreno com\u00fan.<\/p>\n

Uber acogi\u00f3 con satisfacci\u00f3n este cambio de actitud. \u201cDebemos tener un debate acerca de nuevas normas y la discusi\u00f3n debe ser por una nueva regulaci\u00f3n, y ese es el camino que se est\u00e1 recorriendo en Chile\u201d, dijo Lago.<\/p>\n

La econom\u00eda colaborativa trae cambios a\u00fan mayores. De hecho, los m\u00e1s profundos puede que no ocurran en los mercados tradicionales de compraventa de bienes y servicios, sino creando otros nuevos enlazando personas y entidades a\u00fan no relacionadas entre s\u00ed que deber\u00edan estarlo.<\/p>\n

\"paez\"
\nIv\u00e1n P\u00e1ez, creador de Kappo<\/em><\/p>\n

Iv\u00e1n P\u00e1ez cre\u00f3 Kappo hace dos a\u00f1os para animar a la gente a trasladarse en bicicleta. Se inspir\u00f3 durante una visita a Dinamarca, donde pudo ver a un ni\u00f1o de seis a\u00f1os de edad pedaleando solo por pistas para bicicletas bien dise\u00f1adas (y sin interferencias de automovilistas que respetuosamente circulaban por el sector) para asistir al colegio. \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 no podr\u00edan, entonces, sus propios hijos ir al colegio de esa misma manera?<\/p>\n

En lugar de presionar a la Municipalidad de Santiago para construir m\u00e1s pistas para bicicletas, su soluci\u00f3n fue crear un juego para tel\u00e9fonos inteligentes que permite a los jugadores competir con sus amigos mientras pedalean en sus respectivas bicicletas. A los usuarios se les asigna una puntuaci\u00f3n dependiendo de cu\u00e1n lejos o r\u00e1pido andan y reciben puntos de bonificaci\u00f3n por seguridad y por mal tiempo. La competencia es un gran incentivo.<\/p>\n

Pero la apuesta de Kappo es recopilar datos sobre sus usuarios, especialmente respecto de cu\u00e1ndo y d\u00f3nde andan los ciclistas, generando un verdadero mapa en vivo y en tiempo real de sus flujos de circulaci\u00f3n por la ciudad; algo que ser\u00e1 de gran ayuda para autoridades pro bicicletas al momento de decidir mejorar la infraestructura para quienes usan este medio de transporte.<\/p>\n

Desde su lanzamiento hace menos de dos a\u00f1os, la aplicaci\u00f3n Kappo ha sido descargada por 30.000 ciclistas alrededor del mundo, s\u00f3lo la mitad de los cuales est\u00e1n en Chile. Un mapa en la computadora port\u00e1til de P\u00e1ez muestra a usuarios de diversos pa\u00edses, incluyendo los de China, Estados Unidos, Rusia y hasta los de Ir\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

P\u00e1ez y su equipo est\u00e1n trabajando con urbanistas de todo el mundo para comprender mejor las necesidades de los ciclistas y dilucidar c\u00f3mo animar a m\u00e1s personas a pasar de cuatro a dos ruedas. El objetivo es crear un c\u00edrculo virtuoso.<\/p>\n

\u201cMientras m\u00e1s ciclistas haya, m\u00e1s pistas de circulaci\u00f3n para bicicletas ser\u00e1n construidas por las autoridades, alentando as\u00ed a m\u00e1s personas a subirse a sus bicicletas\u201d, dice P\u00e1ez.<\/p>\n

La econom\u00eda compartida promete cambios a\u00fan mayores que la mejor manera de conseguir un taxi para una carrera o encontrar una habitaci\u00f3n para pasar la noche. Estas aplicaciones s\u00f3lo han ara\u00f1ado la superficie del enorme potencial que Internet podr\u00eda desatar uniendo de manera transparente y eficiente a proveedores y compradores individuales sin necesidad de intermediarios.[:en]In Chile, this new paradigm will help bring about improvement opportunities for different sectors of the economy, changes in consumer behavior and greater competition.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

The arrival of new online services offering passenger transportation, such as Uber and Cabify, have significantly changed the way millions of customers perceive private transportation.<\/p>\n

Uber Technologies Inc. was created in San Francisco, California, just seven years ago. By taking advantage of the iPhone produced by Apple Inc., the founders developed an online application for smartphones that allowed customers to reserve a driver of a private car and to pay for the journey automatically using a pre-registered credit card.<\/p>\n

The innovative part was not only in being able to request a taxi via a mobile app. It also included the fact that the service itself was provided by a vehicle licensed to that effect and driven by the car\u2019s owner, who held a full driving license and who was already registered on the app as a supplier, in addition to them having fulfilled certain other basic criteria. Users soon discovered that these kinds of apps enabled them to access quicker and often cheaper transportation.<\/p>\n

The concept grew rapidly and currently operates in 66 countries and 449 cities, including Santiago, Buenos Aires and Sao Paolo. In June 2016, Saudi Arabia invested US$3.5 billion in Uber, giving the company a market capitalization from Goldman Sachs of over US$60 billion.<\/p>\n

Since its launch in Chile, in December 2014, Uber has incorporated more than 25,000 private drivers, which compares to just 24,500 licensed taxi drivers. Uber and its competitors are merely one of the most public examples of a new and important trend in technology: the sharing, or collaborative, economy.<\/p>\n

In the past, the growth of the internet has meant the World Wide Web becoming a fundamental part of the conventional economy, with brick-and-mortar stores being replaced by online substitutes, albeit with physical versions maintained as a form of backup. Businesses of the sharing economy, however, play a different role by utilizing technology to link customers directly with suppliers. Cabify and Uber offer passenger transportation, but the companies do not supply this service; rather, they direct independent drivers the way of the customer.<\/p>\n

\"cuevas_1\"
\nCarlos Cuevas, CEO de Sinbad<\/em><\/p>\n

Another example is Airbnb, the web platform and app that offers temporary accommodation services. While other online vacation and flight reservation companies are available, such as Expedia and Booking, the innovative part of Airbnb was to provide travelers with the chance of staying in the houses of private individuals. This enabled them to enjoy experiences that would be unlikely through a more traditional system, including lodging on a canal houseboat or in a cabin in the middle of the woods.<\/p>\n

However, the true advantage is in the cost: through Airbnb, travelers can find lodging in the downtown areas of places like Manhattan and Paris at a fraction of the price of a conventional hotel. Simultaneously, property owners can obtain a better return renting to travelers for the weekend than those staying on a long-term basis.<\/p>\n

Launched the year after Uber, and also in San Francisco, Airbnb now has 1.5 million registered properties throughout 191 countries, including 4,000 in Chile.<\/p>\n

Platforms like Airbnb and Uber have taken informal sectors of the economy and revolutionized them by injecting them with transparency through the use of technology.<\/p>\n

Carlos Cuevas, CEO of Sinbad, an online platform for reserving vacation homes, notes that the inspiration for his company came in 2012 when he would see tourists visiting his native city of La Serena falling into the hands of incompetent and\/or unscrupulous property owners. Similar to Airbnb, Sinbad incudes a comments function so that users are able to rank their experiences and, in the process, help others to avoid lodgings that fail to comply with common standards. By converting each guest into a potential hotel inspector, this process can lead to a better quality of service than that provided by a stressed hotel manager, for example.<\/p>\n

Advocates of the sharing economy confidently claim that it is merely in its infancy stage and that it is capable of transforming many more areas of people\u2019s daily lives.<\/p>\n

The potential of finance<\/strong><\/p>\n

One of the key areas in innovation in this field relates to the launch of new financial services. Currently, a growing legion of loan-provision platforms among peers (peer-to-peer or P2P lending) is bringing together individuals who either have money to lend or who need it. The result? Investors receive a better rate of return on their investment than they would otherwise obtain from a fixed-term deposit, while borrowers are able to access credit at far lower rates.<\/p>\n

Last year, P2P investors from the United Kingdom leant more than 3 billion pounds sterling to consumers and businesses; representing 12% of all loans provided to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that year.<\/p>\n

Launched in 2010, the Chilean company Cumplo is the largest P2P platform in Latin America with loans totalling US$105 million to date, across a network of 1,000 SMEs. By offering loans below the interest rates provided by traditional financial institutions, this business is growing exponentially. The CEO and founder of Cumplo, Nicol\u00e1s Shea, believes that next year the company will loan US$100 million; i.e., US$42 million more than in 2015. He adds that this amount could reach US$300 million by 2018.<\/p>\n

While this website represents only a fraction of the US$30 billion moved by the credit market in Chile, its impact on the sector has been significant. Businesses that once paid annual interest rates of 30% (to finance the payment of bills) or of 40% for credit cards (a common practice for small, family businesses) are now paying between just 10% and 20%. Rather than earning via differences in interest rates, Cumplo makes its money from a small commission charged in accordance with the size of the loans provided.<\/p>\n

\"Shea\"
\nNicol\u00e1s Shea, CEO y fundador<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cWe are often the first site visited by finance agents each morning who like to check our rates. They then attempt to steal our clients from us by offering them more competitive rates\u201d, Shea explains.<\/p>\n

The impact of Cumplo is not only reflected by the lower interest rates offered by its investors, but also by ensuring that all information pertaining to the borrower and their loans is publically available online, including general conditions, interest rates and the names of trustworthy debtors.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe are substituting financial analysis for collective knowledge of the network, which is far more efficient and free\u201d, states Shea.<\/p>\n

The impact of Cumplo on its clients has been equally significant. For example, savings made on interest rates have allowed a number of them to grow much faster than with a traditional loan.<\/p>\n

While Cumplo\u2019s competitors are on the counter-attack by improving their services and reducing their costs provided to clients, other sectors that have been shaken by the sharing economy are crying foul.<\/p>\n

New regulations<\/strong><\/p>\n

From Parisian taxi drivers to New York hoteliers, traditional businesses are pressuring governments around the world to adopt measures to restrict those whom they consider to be illegal competitors and that are ignoring regulations in order to provide services at reduced prices.<\/p>\n

Having gathered in Montevideo, Uruguay in April this year, hoteliers from across South America, including from Chile, attempted to demand their governments implement measures against the informal lodging sector, which, they claim, should comply with the same rules that govern hotels and hostels, including those relating to health and safety and payment of taxes.<\/p>\n

In other parts of the world, Airbnb is generating discontent beyond hoteliers. Certain New Yorkers blame the platform for the rise in rent prices in the city, while the local government of Barcelona has ceased to issue permits for short-term rentals for fear that the city will be invaded by tourists arriving as a result of the site.<\/p>\n

However, the Chilean government, which is attempting to increase the number of tourists visiting the country, would like to include these platforms and the properties registered therein as part of the tourism industry. Javiera Montes, Undersecretary of Tourism, told bUSiness Chile, \u201cWe must create the conditions for them to form part of what is being offered\u201d.<\/p>\n

By working with the municipalities of six of the most popular tourist destinations in Chile, the government is seeking to encourage apartment owners to register as official suppliers of tourism services. To that effect, Sinbad provides a free advisory service to apartment owners to legalize their tax situation; so that they are able to charge and pay their own taxes, explains Cuevas.<\/p>\n

In April of this year, Andr\u00e9s G\u00f3mez-Lobo, Minister of Transportation and Telecommunications, announced that inspectors from the ministry had begun to audit Uber drivers to check whether they comply with Chilean transportation regulations. Those failing to do so could lose their license and see their vehicle impounded.<\/p>\n

In other places, authorities have attempted to accommodate the new technologies. One of the first to do so was in Silicon Valley, where officials have created a new business category for the transportation network, which includes specific requirements in relation to insurance policies.<\/p>\n

This year, New York City approved legislation stipulating that Uber must respect many of the same regulations that relate to the city\u2019s yellow cabs, including controls through fingerprint checks for drivers and that their taxis have appropriate access for disabled passengers. Nevertheless, they remain banned in the rest of New York State. In Washington D.C., the local government Council has voted to legalize such services, but only after a press campaign organized by Uber users.<\/p>\n

Despite the concerns of taxi drivers and rounds of inspections carried out in Chile, Uber has continued operating and gaining supporters. During a protest against the company on 12 May 2016, Uber offered free transport to all existing customers and agreed to pay all fines levied against its drivers.<\/p>\n

The company is convinced that it is not breaking the law or that, rather, its operations are in line with existing legislation. \u201cThe service offered by Uber\u2019s partner drivers is private transport and as such is covered by current legal norms\u201d, said Soledad Lago, spokesperson for the company. She added that each driver is responsible for declaring all income generated by the service of transporting passengers to the relevant tax authorities.<\/p>\n

Despite its initial tough stance, the government recognizes that regulatory changes are needed to open markets to new and innovative actors, while ensuring they comply with certain basic rules. As Luis Felipe C\u00e9spedes, the Chilean Minister of Economy, said to students at Harvard University in April of this year, in reference to innovators of the sharing economy, \u201cWe must be capable of affording them the opportunity to pursue creative ways of doing business\u201d.<\/p>\n

Also in April 2016, Chilean member of the Chamber of Deputies, Pedro Browne, introduced a bill to Congress to help attract ridesharing applications that comply with the law. Meanwhile, the Senate Transportation Commission held a series of meetings with both sides of the conflict in the interest of finding common ground.<\/p>\n

Uber welcomed this change in attitude. \u201cWe have to have a debate about new rules and the discussion should relate to a new regulation, and that is the road that Chile is going down at present\u201d, said Lago.<\/p>\n

The sharing economy has led to even more important changes. In fact, the most significant of these may not occur in the traditional markets of buying and selling goods and services, but rather might create new ones that link as yet unconnected people and entities to one another.<\/p>\n

\"paez\"
\nIv\u00e1n P\u00e1ez, creador de Kappo<\/em><\/p>\n

Iv\u00e1n P\u00e1ez created Kappo two years ago to encourage people to travel more by bicycle. He became inspired on a trip to Denmark where he saw a six-year-old child cycling to school alone on a well-designed cycle network (and without interference from cars which respectfully circulate in the same area). As a consequence, he asked himself why his own children couldn\u2019t travel to school in the same way.<\/p>\n

Rather that pressuring the Municipality of Santiago to construct additional cycle paths, his solution was to create a game for smartphones that allowed gamers to compete against their friends while pedaling on their bicycles. Users of the game are assigned points depending on how far or fast they go and they receive bonus points for safety and bad weather. After all, competition is a strong incentive.<\/p>\n

However, another of the motives behind Kappo is to collect information about the users, particularly in terms of when and where cyclists travel. Having collected this data, he plans to compile a genuine real-time live map of bicycle flow around the city. In turn, this kind of resource will be of great assistance to pro-bicycle authorities when the decision is taken to improve the infrastructure for those who choose to embrace this particular means of transport.<\/p>\n

Since its launch more than two years ago, the Kappo application has been downloaded by 30,000 cyclists around the world, only half of whom are in Chile. A map on the laptop of P\u00e1ez shows that users come from different countries, including those from China, the US, Russia and even Iran.<\/p>\n

P\u00e1ez and his team are working with urban planners the world over to better understand the needs of cyclists and explain how to encourage greater numbers of people to swap four wheels for two. The aim is to create a virtuous circle.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe more cyclists there are, the more cycle paths will be constructed by authorities, inspiring more people to get on their bikes\u201d, explains P\u00e1ez.<\/p>\n

The sharing economy promises changes even greater than better ways of reserving a taxi or finding a room in which to spend the night. These applications have only scratched the surface of the huge potential offered by the internet in terms of linking suppliers and individual buyers transparently and efficiently and without the need for intermediaries.[:]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[:es]En Chile este nuevo paradigma implicar\u00e1 oportunidades de mejora para diversos sectores de la econom\u00eda, cambios en el comportamiento de consumidores y una mayor competencia. 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