{"id":9594,"date":"2016-04-06T20:13:42","date_gmt":"2016-04-06T23:13:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.amchamchile.cl\/?p=147224"},"modified":"2016-05-17T18:21:48","modified_gmt":"2016-05-17T21:21:48","slug":"estados-unidos-de-ciencias-puras-a-motor-de-desarrollo","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/estados-unidos-de-ciencias-puras-a-motor-de-desarrollo\/","title":{"rendered":"[:es]Estados Unidos: De ciencias puras a motor de desarrollo[:en]The United States: From pure science to engine of growth[:]"},"content":{"rendered":"

[:es]El cambio cultural producto de la migraci\u00f3n europea, su institucionalidad y el significativo aporte estatal y privado a la investigaci\u00f3n, han sido los principales gestores del modelo cient\u00edfico estadounidense, uno de los l\u00edderes a nivel mundial.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Por Alejandra Aguirre<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

El \u00e9xito de Estados Unidos en el \u00e1mbito de la ciencia se remonta a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, per\u00edodo en que dicho pa\u00eds absorbe un gran n\u00famero de talentos cient\u00edficos provenientes de Europa -particularmente alemanes y jud\u00edos-, quienes, una vez asentados, transfirieron sus conocimientos a un ecosistema que, en ese entonces, era a\u00fan incipiente. Finalizada la guerra, el panorama era distinto: hab\u00eda instituciones realizando investigaci\u00f3n en variadas \u00e1reas, la mayor\u00eda asociadas al gobierno y casas de estudio, como la Universidad de Chicago o la Instituci\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica de Washington.<\/p>\n

Con el paso de los a\u00f1os, el sector privado fue tomando fuerza, al tal punto, que hoy la mayor\u00eda de los estudiantes de doctorado aspira a incorporarse a una empresa para realizar investigaci\u00f3n interna.<\/p>\n

Esta dicotom\u00eda, entre el impulso que brinda el sector p\u00fablico y el empresarial, ha convertido a ese pa\u00eds en uno de los l\u00edderes en materia de desarrollo cient\u00edfico a nivel mundial, reflejando la importancia que le da el gobierno para el desarrollo econ\u00f3mico.<\/p>\n

Institucionalidad \u201cdel m\u00e1s alto rango\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cuando las universidades adquirieron potencial -post Segunda Guerra Mundial-, el Estado decidi\u00f3 crear una institucionalidad que les permitiera efectuar investigaci\u00f3n de alto nivel, acompa\u00f1ada de un fuerte impulso en inversi\u00f3n. Fue as\u00ed como se cre\u00f3 la Oficina de Pol\u00edtica Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica (OSTP), entidad que a su vez cuenta con un comit\u00e9 asesor presidencial (PCAST), el cual aconseja permanentemente al gobierno en estas materias.<\/p>\n

Seg\u00fan el doctor en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas de la Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile y secretario de la Fundaci\u00f3n M\u00e1s Ciencia, Pablo Astudillo, en Estados Unidos adem\u00e1s existe un asesor cient\u00edfico jefe que orienta directamente al Presidente, y que adem\u00e1s es el director de la OSTP y co-presidente del PCAST. \u201cEsta conjunci\u00f3n de elementos (oficina \u201cdel m\u00e1s alto rango\u201d, comit\u00e9 asesor presidencial permanente y consejero directo del Presidente) permite poner a la ciencia en un elevado nivel de prioridad para el gobierno\u201d, destaca.<\/p>\n

Explica tambi\u00e9n que el pa\u00eds cuenta con una serie de agencias e institutos p\u00fablicos, encargados de realizar y\/o financiar actividades de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo (I+D), siendo una de las m\u00e1s relevantes la Fundaci\u00f3n Nacional para la Ciencia (NSF, por su sigla en ingl\u00e9s: National Science Foundation), cuya principal funci\u00f3n es abrir el campo de investigaci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s del financiamiento de proyectos. De acuerdo a su sitio web, la NSF financia cerca de un cuarto de la I+D b\u00e1sica en el sector acad\u00e9mico.<\/p>\n

De acuerdo al director adjunto para Chile de la National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) y representante en Chile de la Associated Universities Inc. (AUI), Eduardo Hardy, la Fundaci\u00f3n no s\u00f3lo opera como una simple caja de distribuci\u00f3n de dinero, sino tambi\u00e9n construye instalaciones, las m\u00e1s grandes del pa\u00eds. Por ejemplo, se\u00f1ala, existe el Instituto Nacional de Salud, que investiga aspectos biol\u00f3gicos y m\u00e9dicos; la NASA, dedicada a la ciencia espacial, etc. Es decir, las distintas \u00e1reas de la ciencia est\u00e1n asociadas a diferentes institucionalidades.<\/p>\n

Vinculaci\u00f3n con las empresas<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eduardo Hardy tambi\u00e9n recalca que la investigaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica en Estados Unidos no se hace exclusivamente en universidades. La que se genera en el sector industrial tambi\u00e9n es relevante. De hecho, \u201cgran parte de los estudiantes de doctorado terminan trabajando en la industria porque en ella hay mucho estudio. Eso hace que la relaci\u00f3n entre la academia y las empresas sea mayor, e incluso, da pie para que los egresados generen redes que les permitan crear sus propias compa\u00f1\u00edas\u201d, asegura.<\/p>\n

Una visi\u00f3n que comparte el director de Transferencias Tecnol\u00f3gicas del Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneraci\u00f3n de la Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile y asesor del Consejo Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo (CNID), Juan Pablo Toledo. \u201cSer acad\u00e9mico no es la \u00fanica opci\u00f3n para la gente que hace sus doctorados en Estados Unidos y Europa, la mayor\u00eda mira a las empresas. En los pa\u00edses desarrollados est\u00e1n acostumbrados a hacer ese tipo de conexi\u00f3n con la industria\u201d, comenta.<\/p>\n

En tanto, el profesor especialista en Emprendimientos Tecnol\u00f3gicos de la Universidad Cat\u00f3lica, residente en Berkeley desde 2013, Ricardo San Mart\u00edn, expresa que \u201clas instituciones en Estados Unidos norman las relaciones pre existentes entre academia y empresas y, por ende, facilita el acceso de estudiantes a la industria, pero tambi\u00e9n hay programas similares a Corfo Innova y Start-Up Chile, y por supuesto, m\u00e1s abundantes por la magnitud poblacional del pa\u00eds, que es casi un continente\u201d.<\/p>\n

Comenta que la UC Berkeley realiza un encuentro, donde re\u00fane a estudiantes de doctorado con empresarios y eval\u00faan en conjunto qu\u00e9 soluciones aplicar a sus problemas o necesidades.<\/p>\n

Alta inversi\u00f3n<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Seg\u00fan Juan Pablo Toledo, en los pa\u00edses miembros de la Organizaci\u00f3n para la Cooperaci\u00f3n y el Desarrollo Econ\u00f3micos (OCDE) -de la que es parte Estados Unidos- dos tercios de la investigaci\u00f3n es realizada por los privados y s\u00f3lo uno por el sector p\u00fablico. Estos, con ciclos de estudio largos, pero con resultados avanzados, por ende, m\u00e1s f\u00e1ciles de comercializar.<\/p>\n

\"Ciencias_1\"<\/a>
\nEduardo Hardy, director adjunto para Chile de la National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO).<\/em><\/p>\n

La inversi\u00f3n en investigaci\u00f3n se atribuye en gran parte al \u00e9xito del modelo estadounidense, desembolsando montos que alcanzan los US$ 60 mil millones anuales (Chile, en los \u00faltimos siete a\u00f1os ha invertido US$ 1.200 millones).<\/p>\n

Asimismo, las estad\u00edsticas de la OCDE revelan que el sector de industrias aporta cerca del 60% del gasto en I+D en Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, de acuerdo a Pablo Astudillo, estos datos deben ser analizados con precauci\u00f3n, dado que seg\u00fan las mismas cifras \u201cs\u00f3lo una parte menor del financiamiento que recibe la \u00b4Educaci\u00f3n Superior\u00b4 proviene de I+D de las empresas y cuando se analiza en gasto en I+D b\u00e1sica, la mayor parte es financiada por fondos p\u00fablicos (poco m\u00e1s del 53%, al a\u00f1o 2011). Existe un fuerte apoyo a la investigaci\u00f3n b\u00e1sica, lo que se traduce en el s\u00f3lido liderazgo de\u00a0Estados Unidos\u00a0en estudios cient\u00edficos, reflejado en indicadores de productividad (art\u00edculos totales) y calidad (citas por art\u00edculo)\u201d.<\/p>\n

Transferencia y oportunidades para Chile<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

A la luz de la experiencia estadounidense, uno de los principales desaf\u00edos para Chile en el \u00e1mbito cient\u00edfico es vincular m\u00e1s y mejor a la academia con la industria. Cient\u00edficos concuerdan que su escasez de comunicaci\u00f3n deriva en investigaciones que no se ajustan a las necesidades de los sectores productivos, originando gastos p\u00fablicos y privados que muchas veces no resuelven los problemas de competitividad.<\/p>\n

\"Pablo<\/a><\/p>\n

Pablo Astudillo, secretario Fundaci\u00f3n M\u00e1s Ciencia.
\n<\/em>
\nPara ello, Eduardo Hardy se\u00f1ala que es preciso que los estudiosos se acerquen a las empresas y pregunten \u201c\u00bfqu\u00e9 es lo que necesitan?\u201d y en qu\u00e9 pueden contribuir desde la investigaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Tambi\u00e9n advierte que Chile tiene que enfocarse en nichos de desarrollo y en esos centrar los estudios, adem\u00e1s de mejorar la educaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica y tecnol\u00f3gica en los colegios, a fin de generar el inter\u00e9s y el talento en etapas tempranas y desde ah\u00ed ir abriendo paso a las m\u00e1s maduras, como la universitaria.<\/p>\n

\"Juan<\/a><\/p>\n

Juan Pablo Toledo, director de Transferencias Tecnol\u00f3gicas del Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneraci\u00f3n UC.<\/em><\/p>\n

Hardy afirma que actualmente 0,39% del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) de Chile se destina a la investigaci\u00f3n, dato que debiera llegar al menos a 1%, si es que el pa\u00eds pretende acercarse al promedio de lo que invierten los miembros de la OCDE (2,4%).<\/p>\n

Adem\u00e1s de la demanda por mayor inversi\u00f3n p\u00fablica y privada en la materia, los expertos coinciden en que tambi\u00e9n se requiere una institucionalidad que determine cu\u00e1les \u00e1reas cient\u00edficas ser\u00e1n las prioritarias y que defina pol\u00edticas nacionales, con el objetivo de establecer las directrices u hoja de ruta a seguir en el largo plazo.<\/p>\n

Este rol, debiera ser desempe\u00f1ado por el futuro Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, proyecto de ley que ya fue enviado por la Presidenta Michelle Bachelet al Congreso en enero de este a\u00f1o y que, se espera, llegue a resolver la falta de institucionalidad del sector.[:en]The cultural change arising from 20th century European migration, national institutions, and significant support for research from the public and private sectors have been the main drivers of the US scientific model, one of the most highly respected in the world. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

By Alejandra Aguirre<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The success of the United States in the field of science dates back to the Second World War, when a large number of highly talented scientists arrived from Europe, primarily Germans and Jews. Once these new arrivals had settled, they began the process of transferring their knowledge to an ecosystem that, at the time, was still incipient. Following the end of the war, the panorama had changed. There were institutions conducting research into a variety of areas, the majority of which were related to the government and specialized research facilities, including the University of Chicago and the Academic Institute of Washington.<\/p>\n

As time passed, the private sector began to grow in influence and, nowadays, the majority of PhD students generally aspire to join a private company to carry out internal research, once they have completed their doctoral studies.<\/p>\n

The dual impetus of the public and private sector has contributed to the US becoming one of the most renowned countries in the world in terms of scientific development. This situation reflects the importance of government involvement in driving economic development.<\/p>\n

Institutions \u2018of the highest level\u2019<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

When the universities gained influence during the post-war period, the State took the decision to create an institutional framework that would enable top-class research to be conducted, in conjunction with significant investment towards this end. Accordingly, the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) was established. To date, OSTP includes the constituent body, the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), which is responsible for providing ongoing advice to the government in these respective fields.<\/p>\n

As explained by Pablo Astudillo, doctor of Biological Sciences from the Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile and secretary of Fundaci\u00f3n M\u00e1s Ciencia, in the US there is also a chief scientific advisor who reports directly to the president, and who, in addition, is the director of OSTP and co-chair of PCAST. \u201cThis combination of elements (an office \u2018of the highest level\u2019, a standing presidential committee, and an adviser reporting directly to the president) means that science is considered a top priority for the government\u201d, he explains.<\/p>\n

Astudillo also highlights the presence of multiple public agencies and institutes in the US that are responsible for undertaking and\/or funding research and development (R&D) activities. One of the most important of these is the National Science Foundation (NSF), the main purpose of which is to broaden the field of research by means of funding distinct scientific projects. According to its website, the NSF finances approximately one quarter of all federally supported basic research in the academic sector.<\/p>\n

According to Eduardo Hardy, assistant director for Chile at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), as well as representative in Chile for the Associated Universities Inc. (AUI), the NSF not only operates as a source of funding, but also engages in the construction of some of the largest science facilities in the country. A final key point raised by Hardy relates to the prominence of different areas of science within the federal system, including leading public institutions, such as the National Institutes of Health, which investigates biological and medical aspects, and NASA, which is dedicated to space exploration and scientific discovery.<\/p>\n

Business links<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hardy also underscores how scientific research in the US is not exclusive to universities; rather, there are numerous highly relevant investigations also taking place in the industrial sector. In fact, he explains that, \u201cthe majority of PhD students end up working in industry because of the amount of research taking place. This accentuates the relationship between academia and the private sector, and even leads to graduates forming the necessary networks to start their own companies\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"Ciencias_1\"
\nEduardo Hardy, assistant director for Chile at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

This view is shared by Juan Pablo Toledo, director of Technology Transfer at the Center for Aging and Regeneration of the Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile and advisor at the National Council of Innovation for Development (CNID). He notes that, \u201cbeing an academic is not the only option for PhD students in the US and Europe (and that, in fact) most consider joining private companies. In developed nations, this type of connection with industry is standard practice\u201d.<\/p>\n

The academic in Start-up Technologies from the Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Ricardo San Mart\u00edn, a Visiting Scholar at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) since 2013, states that, \u201cinstitutions in the US are establishing regulations regarding pre-existing relationships between academia and business and, as a result, this is facilitating student access to industry. But there are also programs similar to Corfo Innova and Start-Up Chile (both in Chile) and, of course, many more given the size of the country, which is almost an entire continent in its own right\u201d.<\/p>\n

Accordingly, San Mart\u00edn adds that UC Berkeley holds a regular event that brings together PhD students and business leaders to jointly devise solutions to specific problems or needs.<\/p>\n

Heavy investment<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

According to Toledo, in member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which includes the US, two thirds of research is carried out by the private sector and only one third by the public sector. Collectively, these include long periods of investigation but which, generally, produce advanced research. Significantly, these advanced findings are far easier to market.<\/p>\n

\"Pablo
\nSecretary of Fundaci\u00f3n M\u00e1s Ciencia<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

Investment in research is largely attributable to the success of the US model, which can reach up to US$60 billion a year (compared to the US$1.2 billion invested in Chile over the last seven years).<\/p>\n

Likewise, OECD statistics show that the private sector contributes almost 60% of R&D expenditure in the US. However, according to Astudillo, this data should be regarded with caution, since the same figures demonstrate that, \u201conly a small share of funding received by higher education stems from private sector R&D, and when you analyze expenditure on basic R&D, the majority is financed from public funds (a little over 53% in 2011). There is strong support for basic research, which is reflected in the solid leadership of the US in terms of scientific research and as evidenced by indicators relating to productivity (total publications) and quality (citations per publication)\u201d.
\n
\nTransference and opportunities for Chile<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

In light of the US experience, one of the main challenges facing Chile in the field of science relates to additional and more efficient links being established between academia and the private sector. Scientists agree that their lack of communication results in research that does not meet the needs of the productive sectors, leading to public and private expenditure that frequently fails to resolve problems of competitiveness.<\/p>\n

Accordingly, Hardy contends that scholars should actually approach businesses more frequently and specifically ask them what they need and how they, the academic, can contribute to their research?<\/p>\n

\"Juan<\/a>
\nJuan Pablo Toledo, director of Technology Transfer at the Center for Aging and Regeneration of the Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile<\/em><\/p>\n

He also stresses the importance of Chile focusing its research on niche areas of development, as well as improving science and technology education in schools. This, he explains, will generate increased interest and talent from an early age, and can then be more easily rolled out to more mature audiences, such as universities.<\/p>\n

Hardy states that 0.39% of Chilean gross domestic product is currently designated to research. It is crucial that this figure reaches 1% if the country wishes to close the gap on the OECD average, which currently stands at 2.4%.<\/p>\n

In addition to the demand for greater public and private investment in this area, experts agree that an institutional framework is also required to help identify priority areas and devise a national policy relating to scientific research, in order to establish an adequate, long-term road map.<\/p>\n

This role should be undertaken by the future Ministry of Science and Technology, which forms the basis of a bill submitted to Congress by President Michelle Bachelet in January 2016. If the bill is passed and the new ministry is created, this government entity is expected to begin the process of resolving the lack of institutions working in this area.[:]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[:es]El cambio cultural producto de la migraci\u00f3n europea, su institucionalidad y el significativo aporte estatal y privado a la investigaci\u00f3n, han sido los principales gestores del modelo cient\u00edfico estadounidense, uno de los l\u00edderes a nivel mundial. Por Alejandra Aguirre El \u00e9xito de Estados Unidos en el \u00e1mbito de la ciencia se remonta a la Segunda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-9594","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n[:es]Estados Unidos: De ciencias puras a motor de desarrollo[:en]The United States: From pure science to engine of growth[:] - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/estados-unidos-de-ciencias-puras-a-motor-de-desarrollo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"[:es]Estados Unidos: De ciencias puras a motor de desarrollo[:en]The United States: From pure science to engine of growth[:] - AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[:es]El cambio cultural producto de la migraci\u00f3n europea, su institucionalidad y el significativo aporte estatal y privado a la investigaci\u00f3n, han sido los principales gestores del modelo cient\u00edfico estadounidense, uno de los l\u00edderes a nivel mundial. 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