{"id":9238,"date":"2015-07-02T20:40:49","date_gmt":"2015-07-02T23:40:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.amchamchile.cl\/?p=144317"},"modified":"2015-07-03T09:41:57","modified_gmt":"2015-07-03T12:41:57","slug":"acuerdo-para-evitar-la-doble-tributacion-una-tarea-pendiente","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/acuerdo-para-evitar-la-doble-tributacion-una-tarea-pendiente\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->Acuerdo para Evitar la Doble Tributaci\u00f3n: Una Tarea Pendiente<!--:--><!--:en-->Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement: A Pending Task<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><b>Por P\u00eda Rubio<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>A comienzos de 2010, los gobiernos de Chile y Estados Unidos firmaron un acuerdo para evitar la doble tributaci\u00f3n y fomentar el intercambio de informaci\u00f3n. A cinco a\u00f1os de ese momento, el tratado sigue sin ver la luz, pese a ser cada vez m\u00e1s necesario, en especial tras la aprobaci\u00f3n de la reforma tributaria.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Para nadie es desconocido el decisivo rol que ha jugado el intercambio comercial en el desarrollo de la econom\u00eda chilena. De hecho, a juicio de muchos expertos, es justamente la apertura al exterior lo que permiti\u00f3 a Chile convertirse en uno de los pa\u00edses l\u00edderes de la regi\u00f3n y es en gran medida donde, en su momento, radic\u00f3 su promesa de alcanzar el desarrollo antes que sus pares sudamericanos, apoy\u00e1ndose este discurso en las cifras r\u00e9cord que a\u00f1o tras a\u00f1o aumentaban con el ingreso de capitales al pa\u00eds.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00f3lo basta considerar que tras poco m\u00e1s de dos d\u00e9cadas y decenas de Tratados de Libre Comercio (TLC) suscritos con pa\u00edses de todo el orbe, las exportaciones aumentaron 9 veces, espec\u00edficamente entre 1990 y 2012. Por ello, no resulta extra\u00f1o que desde el gobierno chileno se contin\u00faen impulsando medidas para estrechar los lazos, tanto con potenciales socios econ\u00f3micos como con otros ya establecidos, tal es el caso de los tratados para evitar que una empresa que opere en dos pa\u00edses termine tributando en ambos, por medio de los cuales se busca \u201cimpedir una doble tributaci\u00f3n de rentas generadas por inversionistas extranjeros,\u00a0 es decir, que s\u00f3lo tributen en uno de los pa\u00edses o, bien, si tributan en los dos, que haya un m\u00e9todo para aliviar la carga\u201d, explica el doctor en Derecho Tributario y\u00a0 director del Departamento de Tributaci\u00f3n Internacional de Deloitte, Hugo Hurtado.<\/p>\n<p>De acuerdo con informaci\u00f3n del Servicio de Impuestos Internos (SII), desde 1998 a la fecha, Chile ha suscrito 30 convenios de este tipo, 25 de los cuales se mantienen vigentes, y durante el segundo trimestre del a\u00f1o en curso se han firmado dos nuevos acuerdos, con China y Argentina.<\/p>\n<p>As\u00ed, a nivel gubernamental, la decisi\u00f3n de empujar pactos de esta \u00edndole se basa principalmente en que los convenios tributarios contribuyen a reducir las barreras fiscales a las inversiones y las relaciones comerciales transfronterizas, al flujo de capitales y servicios, as\u00ed como a la transferencia de tecnolog\u00edas y conocimientos entre los pa\u00edses. Seg\u00fan lo se\u00f1alado por el Ministerio de Hacienda, estos tratados permiten mejorar la coordinaci\u00f3n entre las legislaciones y autoridades fiscales de cada pa\u00eds, a trav\u00e9s del intercambio de informaci\u00f3n tributaria, lo que es fundamental para combatir la evasi\u00f3n y la elusi\u00f3n fiscal en el contexto internacional. Adicionalmente, contribuyen a otorgar un mayor grado de certeza en materia tributaria a los contribuyentes de los pa\u00edses que los suscriben, mediante el establecimiento de un marco internacionalmente aceptado.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-144380 alignnone\" alt=\"Gonzalo Polanco_1_baja\" src=\"http:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Gonzalo-Polanco_1_baja-722x1024.jpg\" width=\"208\" height=\"295\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Gonzalo Polanco, director ejecutivo del Centro de Estudios Tributarios de la Universidad de Chile.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-144381 alignnone\" alt=\"_DSC0923_baja\" src=\"http:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/DSC0923_baja-679x1024.jpg\" width=\"198\" height=\"298\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Hugo Hurtado, socio del departamento Tax &amp; Legal de Deloitte.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-144382 alignnone\" alt=\"_DSC1047_baja\" src=\"http:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/DSC1047_baja-679x1024.jpg\" width=\"198\" height=\"298\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Miguel Zamora, socio director del \u00e1rea tributaria del estudio de abogados Noguera, Larra\u00edn &amp; Dulanto.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Una visi\u00f3n af\u00edn es la que tiene la presidenta de la C\u00e1mara Chileno Norteamericana de Comercio, AmCham Chile, Kathleen Barclay, quien agrega que \u201cun acuerdo de esta naturaleza es un incentivo para la inversi\u00f3n extranjera entre ambos pa\u00edses. Tiene un impacto en materia de dividendos percibidos por los accionistas y tributaci\u00f3n sobre ganancias de capital (\u2026) y el impacto proyectado sobre los ingresos tributarios para un pa\u00eds se ve compensado por el aumento en las inversiones totales\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Asimismo, explic\u00f3 que con este acuerdo tambi\u00e9n se ver\u00e1n beneficiados los fondos de pensiones chilenos con inversiones en Estados Unidos; facilitar\u00e1 un mayor flujo de capitales, lo que redundar\u00e1 en una profundizaci\u00f3n y diversificaci\u00f3n de las actividades transnacionales, y contribuir\u00e1 a que el pa\u00eds pueda constituirse en una plataforma de negocios para empresas extranjeras que quieran operar en otros pa\u00edses de la regi\u00f3n. Adem\u00e1s, permitir\u00e1 aliviar la carga tributaria de los profesionales chilenos residentes en el pa\u00eds del norte.<b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>El factor Randall Paul<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Por eso, y pese a tratarse de un an\u00e1lisis ampliamente compartido, no deja de llamar la atenci\u00f3n que aun cuando Estados Unidos es el segundo mayor socio comercial chileno y responsable de 25,76% del stock de inversiones entre 1974 y 2013, todav\u00eda no existe un tratado para evitar la doble tributaci\u00f3n entre ambos pa\u00edses.<\/p>\n<p>En febrero de 2010, espec\u00edficamente el d\u00eda jueves 4, los gobiernos de Chile y Estados Unidos firmaron un convenio tributario para evitar duplicar el pago de grav\u00e1menes. Cuatro a\u00f1os m\u00e1s tarde, en marzo de 2014, el pacto ingres\u00f3 a la C\u00e1mara de Diputados, donde fue aprobado y hoy est\u00e1 en el segundo tr\u00e1mite constitucional, a la espera de ser revisado y aprobado por el Senado.<\/p>\n<p>Si bien no ha avanzado todo lo r\u00e1pido que podr\u00eda esperarse por la parte chilena, en especial considerando que 64% de los convenios actualmente vigentes demoraron entre 2 y 3 a\u00f1os desde que se suscribieron hasta que fueron publicados -siendo el m\u00e1s lento el firmado con Rusia, cuyo proceso demor\u00f3 8 a\u00f1os-, ha sido en el Congreso estadounidense donde se qued\u00f3 entrampado.<\/p>\n<p>Lo que hasta 2010 era casi un tr\u00e1mite de rutina y que no representaba ning\u00fan an\u00e1lisis mayor, se volvi\u00f3 un dolor de cabeza para la administraci\u00f3n del Presidente norteamericano Barack Obama, desde que en 2011 llegara al Senado el representante republicano del estado de Kentucky, y posible candidato presidencial conservador, Randall Paul. El congresista se ha opuesto sistem\u00e1ticamente a todo convenio que bajo su \u00f3ptica pueda vulnerar los derechos esenciales de la privacidad de los ciudadanos, como es el caso de los tratados internacionales, y el que ha sido uno de los caminos vislumbrados por el gobierno dem\u00f3crata para aumentar la recaudaci\u00f3n fiscal sin incrementar los impuestos.<\/p>\n<p>La preocupaci\u00f3n del senador republicano reside en el art\u00edculo 27 del tratado, relativo al Intercambio de Informaci\u00f3n, pues \u00e9ste plantea la cooperaci\u00f3n entre administraciones fiscales con el fin de tener acceso a informaci\u00f3n sobre la cuant\u00eda y naturaleza de las rentas de los contribuyentes de los pa\u00edses que suscriben, colaborando as\u00ed en la b\u00fasqueda de reducir la evasi\u00f3n fiscal, algo especialmente relevante en atenci\u00f3n al flujo de las inversiones chilenas en el extranjero.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-144319 alignleft\" alt=\"Grafico_1\" src=\"http:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Grafico_1.jpg\" width=\"379\" height=\"230\" \/><br \/>\n<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u201cEl derecho estadounidense a la privacidad est\u00e1 siendo disminuido a perpetuidad. Nuestro gobierno est\u00e1 monitoreando nuestros correos electr\u00f3nicos y los tel\u00e9fonos celulares, y ahora quieren seguir nuestras cuentas bancarias, que es donde reside el ep\u00edtome de lo que somos como individuos privados. All\u00ed est\u00e1 lo que compramos, la comida que nos gusta, los medicamentos que tomamos, los m\u00e9dicos que vemos y los lugares a los que viajamos. Todos los estadounidenses -ya sea en casa o en el extranjero- merecen tener protegidos sus derechos\u201d, se\u00f1al\u00f3 Randall Paul a trav\u00e9s de una carta el 7 de mayo del a\u00f1o pasado a modo de defensa frente a su negaci\u00f3n para dar v\u00eda libre a los cinco tratados que hoy mantiene bloqueados en el Senado (Chile, Luxemburgo, Suiza, Hungr\u00eda y Espa\u00f1a).<\/p>\n<p>En su percepci\u00f3n \u201clos nuevos tratados son de recolecci\u00f3n a granel y cuentan con un ambiguo umbral respecto al origen de la preocupaci\u00f3n de los gobiernos por tener los registros bancarios, sin que casi sea necesaria ninguna raz\u00f3n\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Como es de esperarse, esta posici\u00f3n le ha valido m\u00faltiples detractores, especialmente en el \u00e1mbito econ\u00f3mico. Tal es el caso de la Organizaci\u00f3n Internacional para la Inversi\u00f3n (OFII), desde donde han sindicado a Paul como el culpable de la ralentizaci\u00f3n del progreso de los tratados y que se ahuyentaran potenciales inversiones de pa\u00edses con convenios en espera, as\u00ed como de la desventaja que hoy enfrentan las empresas estadounidenses ante ciertos mercados.<\/p>\n<p>En igual l\u00ednea se manifest\u00f3 el representante del Consejo Nacional de Comercio Exterior (CNCE), William Reinsch, durante la misma jornada que se expuso el punto del republicano. Para Reinsch &#8220;si las empresas estadounidenses quieren mantener una posici\u00f3n competitiva en todo el mundo la pol\u00edtica deber\u00eda prevenir el exceso de pago de impuestos en el extranjero por inversiones transfronterizas, sobre todo si sus competidores extranjeros ya disfrutan de esa ventaja&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>En tanto, desde Chile indican que la posici\u00f3n del senador republicano no guarda mayor l\u00f3gica pues \u201cEstados Unidos ya firm\u00f3 un acuerdo de similares caracter\u00edsticas por lo que eso ya debiese estar cubierto. Asimismo, Chile lleg\u00f3 a un acuerdo con la OCDE y adopt\u00f3 suscribir esto de manera adelantada, siendo un aventajado en normas de transparencia, entonces no veo el problema\u201d, sostiene el experto tributario de Deloitte.<\/p>\n<p>Con esto en mente, y con el objetivo de recabar informaci\u00f3n que pueda aportar y agilizar a la discusi\u00f3n del tratado, la presidenta de AmCham Chile se\u00f1al\u00f3 que realiz\u00f3 una visita a Washington D.C. para hablar con los comit\u00e9s pertinentes en la C\u00e1mara Baja y el Senado de Estados Unidos, pues \u201ccon un TLC que ya lleva 11 a\u00f1os de vigencia y tiene el 100% del comercio libre de aranceles, es cada vez m\u00e1s necesario promover nuevos mecanismos que incentiven la actividad econ\u00f3mica bilateral\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><b>Los cambios que trajo la reforma<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Sin embargo, la oposici\u00f3n del representante de Kentucky no es la \u00fanica traba que hoy est\u00e1n viviendo las empresas estadounidenses para invertir en Chile.\u00a0 La reforma tributaria adoptada por el gobierno de la Presidenta Michelle Bachelet instaura cambios de diversa \u00edndole, siendo de especial preocupaci\u00f3n para algunos inversionistas la modificaci\u00f3n al gravamen al que ser\u00e1n sometidos, el cual en el caso de quienes provengan de pa\u00edses sin convenio \u2013como los estadounidenses- puede aumentar de 35% a 44,45% a contar del 1 de enero de 2017.<\/p>\n<p>Tal como se\u00f1ala el director ejecutivo del Centro de Estudios Tributarios de la Universidad de Chile, Gonzalo Polanco, \u201cla reforma acent\u00faa la importancia de los convenios para evitar la doble tributaci\u00f3n, favoreciendo la inversi\u00f3n extranjera desde pa\u00edses con acuerdos debido a que, por ejemplo, en el caso del r\u00e9gimen de integraci\u00f3n parcial, las empresas constituidas en un pa\u00eds con convenio tendr\u00e1n derecho a 100% de cr\u00e9dito del impuesto de primera categor\u00eda, mientras que las constituidas en pa\u00edses sin convenio s\u00f3lo podr\u00e1n optar al cr\u00e9dito de 65% de su impuesto a la renta, lo que se traduce en que una empresa de Estados Unidos sin el convenio aprobado estar\u00eda pagando una tasa efectiva en el r\u00e9gimen semi integrado de 44,5%, en cambio con el convenio vigente su tasa efectiva ser\u00eda de 35%\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Dado este cambio se han levantado m\u00faltiples voces de alerta, pues se considera que la medida genera distorsiones, posibilitando la modificaci\u00f3n de las estructuras, dado que en la b\u00fasqueda de rebajar las tasas es factible que la inversi\u00f3n se haga de manera triangulada, es decir, a trav\u00e9s de un pa\u00eds con convenio, creando un orden artificial, lo que a futuro puede ser materia de litigio.<\/p>\n<p>Adicionalmente, generar\u00eda una discriminaci\u00f3n negativa entre inversionistas extranjeros a quienes se les estar\u00edan cambiando las reglas del juego tras m\u00e1s de 20 a\u00f1os de trabajo conjunto sin existir una justificaci\u00f3n clara para hacerlo. As\u00ed lo sostiene Miguel Zamora, y socio director del \u00e1rea tributaria del estudio de abogados Noguera, Larra\u00edn &amp; Dulanto, quien asegura que \u201cno se entiende por qu\u00e9 hoy a un due\u00f1o de una empresa, alem\u00e1n, japon\u00e9s o de USA, Chile le cobre impuestos por un total de 44,45%, pero si ese socio es canadiense, espa\u00f1ol o franc\u00e9s, la carga tributaria es casi 10 puntos menos\u201d, quien es categ\u00f3rico al agregar que \u201ces insostenible y genera incentivos malos. Chile, como una econom\u00eda peque\u00f1a, abierta al mundo, no puede permitirse ese tipo de distorsiones\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Y es que a pesar que en la literatura especializada se establece que la decisi\u00f3n de invertir en un pa\u00eds normalmente no est\u00e1 motivada por fines tributarios, una vez que el inversor decide hacerlo, el gravamen s\u00ed puede influir en la elecci\u00f3n del pa\u00eds en que lo haga. De hecho, es justamente en este punto donde se basa la inquietud de los expertos. \u201cMe preocupan los nuevos proyectos, pues me toca ver pa\u00edses que antes ten\u00edan como prioridad Chile, pero hoy comienzan a pensar en Colombia y Per\u00fa como opciones. Si nos enfrentamos a pa\u00edses con similares estabilidad macroecon\u00f3mica,\u00a0 niveles de transparencia y una pol\u00edtica estable,\u00a0 es posible que las inversiones se vayan a otros pa\u00edses de la regi\u00f3n en busca de mejores tasas, pues si bien en esos pa\u00edses las tasas tambi\u00e9n son altas, no llegan a 44,45%\u201d, explica Hugo Hurtado de Deloitte.<\/p>\n<p>Cabe destacar que en el caso de Estados Unidos se da una situaci\u00f3n a\u00fan m\u00e1s compleja, pues dicho pa\u00eds tiene un sistema unilateral de cr\u00e9ditos que tiene un tope de 35%, por lo que al tener un gravamen en torno a 44,45%, la diferencia se traduce directamente en un menor retorno de la inversi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Si bien hay variadas opiniones sobre la posible soluci\u00f3n que este tema puede tener, todos coinciden en que no existen recetas m\u00e1gicas, por lo que debe buscarse una salida alternativa, pues de lo contrario, y tal como se\u00f1al\u00f3 Kathleen Barclay, \u201cen la ausencia de este acuerdo, la tasa efectiva para inversionistas estadounidenses puede ser hasta 44%, haci\u00e9ndoles menos atractiva la inversi\u00f3n en Chile\u201d, algo que, obviamente, nadie quiere.<\/p>\n<p><b>FATCA<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Tras estimar que las p\u00e9rdidas por evasi\u00f3n tributaria significan m\u00e1s de US$ 100 mil millones anuales, el 18 de marzo de 2010 el Congreso estadounidense aprob\u00f3 la Ley de Cumplimiento Fiscal de Cuentas en el Extranjero (Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, FATCA), la cual tiene por objetivo principal determinar si ciudadanos norteamericanos que cuenten con inversiones en el extranjero est\u00e1n evadiendo impuestos. En el caso de Chile, el acuerdo intergubernamental para dar cumplimiento a FATCA fue firmado en marzo de 2014, estableci\u00e9ndose la obligatoriedad por parte de las instituciones financieras chilenas de entregar informaci\u00f3n al gobierno norteamericano respecto de las cuentas y\/o productos que pudiesen mantener contribuyentes provenientes de dicho pa\u00eds en Chile. Adem\u00e1s, se establece que en caso de no autorizarse la entrega de informaci\u00f3n por parte del cliente, las entidades financieras deben cerrar las cuentas e informar de esta situaci\u00f3n al gobierno estadounidense, dando el nombre del contribuyente. Este acuerdo dio inicio al intercambio de informaci\u00f3n a nivel global entre las instituciones financieras y la autoridad tributaria estadounidense. Cabe destacar que se trata de informaci\u00f3n global y no especifica la situaci\u00f3n de los clientes, de manera de no infringir la ley de privacidad bancaria existente en Chile.<!--:--><!--:en--><b>By P\u00eda Rubio<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>In early 2010, the governments of Chile and the United States signed an agreement to avoid double taxation and strengthen the exchange of information. Five years later, the treaty has still not been put into practice, despite its increasing importance, especially following the passage of the Chilean tax reform.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>The decisive role played by trade in Chilean economic development comes as a surprise to no one. In fact, according to many experts, it is precisely the opening up to other countries that has allowed Chile to become one of the leading nations in the region. It was also, to a large extent, the reason behind Chile\u2019s announcement at the time to become the first developed nation in South America \u2013 using this argument as the basis for the record figures of foreign capital arriving into the country year after year.<\/p>\n<p>It should be recalled that after a little more than two decades and dozens of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed with countries from all over the world, between 1990 and 2012 exports increased nine-fold. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that the Chilean government is continuing to promote measures for strengthening ties with both potential and more established economic partners. This is the case for treaties which seek to ensure that a company operating in two countries does not have to pay taxes in both. According to Hugo Hurtado, doctorate in Taxation Law and Director of the International Tax Department at Deloitte, through such treaties Chile is seeking to, \u201cprevent the double taxation of income generated by foreign investors, i.e., that they only pay taxes in one of the countries, or, if they pay taxes in both, that there is a method for lessening the burden\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>According to information from the Chilean Internal Revenue Service (SII), from 1998 to the present, Chile has signed 30 agreements of this type; 25 of which are still in force. In addition, the country has signed two new agreements, with China and Argentina, during the second quarter of 2015.<\/p>\n<p>At the government level, the decision to pursue accords of this type is mainly due to the desire to bring about tax agreements which help to reduce tax barriers for cross-border investments and trade relations. It is also to strengthen the flow of capital and services, as well as the transfer of technology and knowledge between countries. According to the Ministry of Finance, these treaties improve coordination between legislation and tax authorities in every country, via the exchange of tax information. This is fundamental in fighting tax evasion and avoidance in the international context. In addition, this helps provide a greater degree of certainty in terms of taxation matters relating to taxpayers from signatory countries, by means of establishing an internationally recognized framework.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Gonzalo Polanco_1_baja\" src=\"http:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Gonzalo-Polanco_1_baja-722x1024.jpg\" width=\"208\" height=\"295\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Gonzalo Polanco, director ejecutivo del Centro de Estudios Tributarios de la Universidad de Chile.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"_DSC0923_baja\" src=\"http:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/DSC0923_baja-679x1024.jpg\" width=\"198\" height=\"298\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Hugo Hurtado, socio del departamento Tax &#038; Legal de Deloitte.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"_DSC1047_baja\" src=\"http:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/DSC1047_baja-679x1024.jpg\" width=\"198\" height=\"298\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Miguel Zamora, socio director del \u00e1rea tributaria del estudio de abogados Noguera, Larra\u00edn &#038; Dulanto.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>A similar view is held by Kathleen Barclay, President of the Chilean-American Chamber of Commerce, AmCham Chile. She notes that, \u201can agreement of this nature is a foreign investment incentive for both countries. It impacts on the dividends received by shareholders and capital gains tax (\u2026) and the projected impact on the tax revenues for a country is offset by the increase in total investment\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Likewise, she explained that this agreement will also ensure benefits for Chilean pension funds with investments in the United States. For example, it will facilitate a greater flow of capital, which will result in a deepening, and diversification, of transnational activities. This will help the country to become a business platform for foreign businesses wishing to operate in the region. Furthermore, it will help to reduce the tax burden of Chilean professionals resident in the US.\u00a0 <b><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>The Randall Paul factor <\/b><\/p>\n<p>Accordingly, and despite this being a widely held analysis, it is particularly striking that, even though the United States is Chile\u2019s second biggest economic partner and responsible for 25.76% of all investment in the country from 1974 to 2013, there is still no double taxation avoidance treaty in place between the two countries.<\/p>\n<p>On Thursday 4 February 2010, the governments of Chile and the United States signed a double taxation avoidance agreement.\u00a0 Four years later, in March 2014, the agreement was put before the Chilean Chamber of Deputies, where it was approved. Today, it finds itself in the second legislative stage, awaiting review and approval by the Senate.<\/p>\n<p>Although it has not progressed as fast as it could have on the Chilean side, especially considering that 64% of agreements currently in force took from between two and three years to become law following their initial signing (the longest of which was the agreement signed with Russia, where the process took eight years), it has been the US Congress in which the agreement has become stuck.<\/p>\n<p>Until 2010, this was almost a routine procedure and one which did not require any kind of great analysis. However, it soon became a headache for the Obama administration after 2011, with the arrival in the upper house of the US Congress of the Republican senator for Kentucky, and possible conservative candidate for President, Randal Paul. Senator Paul has systematically opposed what in his view may threaten the fundamental privacy rights of citizens, and which is commonly the case with international treaties. His claim is that this has been one of the ways envisaged by the Democrat government of increasing tax revenues without raising taxes.<\/p>\n<p>The concern of the Republican senator lies in article 27 of the treaty, relating to the Exchange of Information. This article proposes cooperation between tax administrators with the aim of ensuring access to information on the amount and nature of the income of taxpayers from signatory countries. As such, it seeks to ensure collaboration in attempts to reduce tax evasion; a particularly relevant aspect in light of the flow of Chilean investment abroad.<\/p>\n<p><b><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-144319 alignnone\" alt=\"Grafico_1\" src=\"http:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Grafico_1.jpg\" width=\"379\" height=\"230\" \/><br \/>\n<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe American right to privacy is being permanently reduced. Our government is monitoring our emails and cell phones, and now they want to follow our bank accounts, which is where the epitome of who we are as private individuals resides. That\u2019s where they can find what we buy, the food we like, the medicines we take, the doctors we see and the places to which we travel. All Americans \u2013 whether at home or abroad \u2013 deserve to have their rights protected\u201d. These are the words penned by Randal Paul in a letter on 7 May 2014, in defense of his refusal to give free passage to the five treaties currently blocked in the Senate (relating to Chile, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Hungary and Spain).<\/p>\n<p>In his opinion, \u201cthe new treaties are a bulk collection and have an ambiguous threshold regarding the origin of the government\u2019s desire to access bank records, with almost no justification (to do so) being necessary\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>As expected, this position has earned Paul many critics, especially in the economic field. Such is the case regarding the Organization for International Investment (OFII), which has accused him of being guilty of slowing down the progress of the treaties and discouraging investment in the countries awaiting the passage of the treaty, as well as contributing to the disadvantage currently faced by US businesses in certain markets.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, William Reinsch, representative of the National Foreign Trade Council (NFTC), expressed a similar opinion on the same day that Senator Paul made the aforementioned remarks. Reinsch said, \u201cIf American companies wish to maintain a competitive position around the world, policy should prevent excessive tax payments abroad for transnational investments, especially if their foreign competitors already benefit from this advantage\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, the view from Chile of Hugo Hurtado from Deloitte is that the stance of the Republican senator is somewhat illogical, given that, \u201cthe United States has already signed similar agreements, (and as a consequence) this (issue) must have been covered (previously). Likewise, Chile reached an agreement with the OECD, signing it in advance, because it provides advantages in terms of transparency rules, so I don\u2019t see the problem\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Bearing this in mind, and with the aim of gathering information which can support and accelerate the treaty discussion, the President of AmCham Chile has referred to her recent trip to Washington D.C., where she spoke with the relevant committees of the US House of Representatives and the Senate. She explains that, \u201cWith an FTA that has been in force for 11 years and which has 100% duty free trade, it is increasingly important to promote new mechanisms for incentivizing bilateral economic activity\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><b>Changes arising from the reform<\/b><\/p>\n<p>However, the opposition of the Kentucky Senator is not the only obstacle currently facing US companies wishing to invest in Chile. The tax reform introduced by the government of President Michelle Bachelet establishes different kinds of changes. Of particular concern to certain investors is the modification of the tax rate to which they will be subject. For investors from countries without an agreement in place, such as those from the United States, this could rise from 35% to 44.45% as of 1 January 2017.<\/p>\n<p>This concerns Gonzalo Polanco, Executive Director of the Center for Taxation Studies of the Universidad de Chile. He states that, \u201cthe reform accentuates the importance of double taxation avoidance agreements, favoring foreign investment from countries with agreements already in place. (This is) because, for example, in the case of a partial integration system, companies founded in an agreement country will have the right to 100% of the first category tax credit, whereas those founded in non-agreement countries may only opt for 65% of their income tax credit. (T)his means that a US company, without the agreement (being) approved, could be paying an effective rate in the semi-integrated system of 44.5%, compared to the effective rate of the agreement in force, which would be 35%\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>As a result of this change, numerous concerns have been raised, expressing a belief that the measure generates a number of distortions. These distortions, commentators argue, enable changes to be made to existing structures, given that in the search for lowering rates, it is feasible that investments will be undertaken in a triangular fashion. In this instance, investment is made through a country with an agreement in place, thereby creating an artificial order, which might be subject to future litigation.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, this could generative negative discrimination among foreign investors, for whom the rules of the game could change after more than 20 years of collaboration, without any clear justification. This is the position of Miguel Zamora, Partner-Director of the Taxation Area of legal firm Noguera, Larra\u00edn &#038; Dulanto. He states that, \u201cIt is not understood why today, a business owner, (whether) German, Japanese or from the USA, is being charged a total tax of 44.45% by Chile, but if they are Canadian, Spanish or French, the tax rate is almost ten points lower\u201d. Zamora is categorical in adding that, \u201cit is unsustainable and generates bad incentives. Chile, as a small economy, open to the world, cannot afford these types of distortions\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Despite the relevant specialized literature determining that the decision to invest in a country is not usually motivated by tax concerns, once the investor has decided to do so, the tax rate can indeed influence the choice of country in which the investment is to be made. In fact, it is exactly on this point that expert concern is focused. Hugo Hurtado from Deloitte says, \u201cI\u2019m worried about the new bills, because I see countries that previously prioritized Chile, but that today are starting to consider Colombia and Peru as options. If faced with countries with similar levels of macroeconomic stability, transparency and political stability, it\u2019s possible that investments will be directed towards other countries in the region in search of better (tax) rates, which although may be steep, don\u2019t reach 44.45%\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>It should be noted that in the case of the United States, the situation is even more complicated, as the country has a unilateral credit system with a maximum limit of 35%. With a tax rate of 44.45%, this difference translates directly into a lower return on investment.<\/p>\n<p>While there are numerous opinions regarding possible solutions to this issue, all agree that there is no magic formula. As such, an alternative way out should be sought. If this does not happen, and as Kathleen Barclay has pointed out, \u201cif this agreement is lacking, the effective rate for US investors could reach up to 44%, making investment in Chile all the more unattractive\u201d. This is a scenario which, of course, no one wants.<\/p>\n<p><b style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">FATCA<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Following estimations that tax evasion results in losses of US$100 billion every year, on 18 March 2010 the United States Congress passed the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA). This legislation aims to establish whether US citizens with foreign investments are evading taxes.<\/p>\n<p>The corresponding treaty was signed by Chile in March 2014. It means that Chilean financial institutions are now obliged to provide information to the US government regarding accounts and\/or products which might be held by US taxpayers in Chile. Furthermore, the Act establishes that in the case of a client refusing to authorize the provision of this information, financial institutions must close the respective account(s) and report the situation to the US government, including the name of the taxpayer.<\/p>\n<p>This agreement gave rise to a global exchange of information between financial institutions and the US tax authority. It should be noted that it relates to general rather than specific client information, so as not to breach current Chilean banking privacy laws.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Por P\u00eda Rubio A comienzos de 2010, los gobiernos de Chile y Estados Unidos firmaron un acuerdo para evitar la doble tributaci\u00f3n y fomentar el intercambio de informaci\u00f3n. A cinco a\u00f1os de ese momento, el tratado sigue sin ver la luz, pese a ser cada vez m\u00e1s necesario, en especial tras la aprobaci\u00f3n de la [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-9238","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Acuerdo para Evitar la Doble Tributaci\u00f3n: Una Tarea PendienteDouble Taxation Avoidance Agreement: A Pending Task - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/acuerdo-para-evitar-la-doble-tributacion-una-tarea-pendiente\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Acuerdo para Evitar la Doble Tributaci\u00f3n: Una Tarea PendienteDouble Taxation Avoidance Agreement: A Pending Task - AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Por P\u00eda Rubio A comienzos de 2010, los gobiernos de Chile y Estados Unidos firmaron un acuerdo para evitar la doble tributaci\u00f3n y fomentar el intercambio de informaci\u00f3n. A cinco a\u00f1os de ese momento, el tratado sigue sin ver la luz, pese a ser cada vez m\u00e1s necesario, en especial tras la aprobaci\u00f3n de la [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/acuerdo-para-evitar-la-doble-tributacion-una-tarea-pendiente\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-07-03T12:41:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Gonzalo-Polanco_1_baja-722x1024.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"24 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/acuerdo-para-evitar-la-doble-tributacion-una-tarea-pendiente\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/acuerdo-para-evitar-la-doble-tributacion-una-tarea-pendiente\/\",\"name\":\"Acuerdo para Evitar la Doble Tributaci\u00f3n: Una Tarea PendienteDouble Taxation Avoidance Agreement: A Pending Task - AmCham Chile\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/acuerdo-para-evitar-la-doble-tributacion-una-tarea-pendiente\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/acuerdo-para-evitar-la-doble-tributacion-una-tarea-pendiente\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Gonzalo-Polanco_1_baja-722x1024.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-07-02T23:40:49+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-07-03T12:41:57+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/acuerdo-para-evitar-la-doble-tributacion-una-tarea-pendiente\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/acuerdo-para-evitar-la-doble-tributacion-una-tarea-pendiente\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/acuerdo-para-evitar-la-doble-tributacion-una-tarea-pendiente\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Gonzalo-Polanco_1_baja-722x1024.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Gonzalo-Polanco_1_baja-722x1024.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/acuerdo-para-evitar-la-doble-tributacion-una-tarea-pendiente\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Acuerdo para Evitar la Doble Tributaci\u00f3n: Una Tarea PendienteDouble Taxation Avoidance Agreement: A Pending Task\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/\",\"name\":\"AmCham Chile\",\"description\":\"C\u00e1mara Chilena Norteamericana de Comercio\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Acuerdo para Evitar la Doble Tributaci\u00f3n: Una Tarea PendienteDouble Taxation Avoidance Agreement: A Pending Task - AmCham Chile","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/acuerdo-para-evitar-la-doble-tributacion-una-tarea-pendiente\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Acuerdo para Evitar la Doble Tributaci\u00f3n: Una Tarea PendienteDouble Taxation Avoidance Agreement: A Pending Task - AmCham Chile","og_description":"Por P\u00eda Rubio A comienzos de 2010, los gobiernos de Chile y Estados Unidos firmaron un acuerdo para evitar la doble tributaci\u00f3n y fomentar el intercambio de informaci\u00f3n. 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