{"id":9079,"date":"2015-03-26T12:20:52","date_gmt":"2015-03-26T15:20:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.amchamchile.cl\/?p=138748"},"modified":"2017-09-04T14:32:30","modified_gmt":"2017-09-04T17:32:30","slug":"andres-rebolledo-director-de-direcon-tlc-2-0-la-nueva-agenda-comercial-con-estados-unidos","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/andres-rebolledo-director-de-direcon-tlc-2-0-la-nueva-agenda-comercial-con-estados-unidos\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->Andr\u00e9s Rebolledo, director de Direcon:  TLC 2.0: La nueva agenda comercial con Estados Unidos<!--:--><!--:en-->Andr\u00e9s Rebolledo, Director ofDirecon  FTA 2.0: The new trade agenda with the United States<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><\/p>\n<h4><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">La apertura arancelaria total abre paso a una nueva agenda econ\u00f3mica con Estados Unidos en temas de inocuidad, seguridad en el comercio, cambio clim\u00e1tico y medio ambiente. Por otro lado, en las negociaciones del Acuerdo Transpac\u00edfico (TPP), el gobierno chileno aspira a defender temas considerados &#8220;sensibles&#8221; como propiedad intelectual y derecho de autor.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>En 2013 se cumplieron diez a\u00f1os de la entrada en vigencia del Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC) entre Chile y Estados Unidos (EE.UU.) y en enero de este a\u00f1o debut\u00f3 el arancel cero y se eliminaron las cuotas de env\u00edos. Un acuerdo positivo para nuestro pa\u00eds que tiene la gran particularidad de haber logrado la desgravaci\u00f3n arancelaria en tiempo r\u00e9cord, 12 a\u00f1os, en comparaci\u00f3n con los 18 o 20 a\u00f1os que establecen otros bilateralesde EE.UU.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;El TLC marc\u00f3 un est\u00e1ndar que no necesariamente se dio en otros acuerdos. Desde el minuto uno de 2015 se elimin\u00f3 el arancel e incluso, las cuotas.Adem\u00e1s, en nuestro caso, no hay productos excluidos, pues otros acuerdos que firm\u00f3 EE.UU. tienen excepciones importantes&#8221;, sostiene Andr\u00e9s Rebolledo, director de la Direcci\u00f3n General de Relaciones Econ\u00f3micas Arancelarias (Direcon), del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile.<\/p>\n<p>La autoridad destaca que desde 2003 a la fecha, los env\u00edos chilenos a ese pa\u00eds se han casi triplicado, pasando de US$ 3.799 a US$ 9.273 en 2014. Un punto clave, si se considera que la canasta de exportaciones a ese pa\u00edses diversa, donde los env\u00edos no cobreel a\u00f1o pasado representaron un 72% del total.<\/p>\n<h5>-\u00bfQu\u00e9 oportunidades abrepara las exportaciones chilenasla eliminaci\u00f3n de aranceles y de cuotas?<\/h5>\n<p>El arancel cero implica un proceso, no pasamos el 31 de diciembre de un arancel 10 a cero. Se podr\u00eda concebir un potencial impacto en los productos que ten\u00edan cuota, unos diez productos, como frutas, paltas y derivados de los l\u00e1cteos. Hace como cinco o seis a\u00f1os, algunos de ellos ocupaban toda la cuota y en algunos casos, se exportaba fuera del l\u00edmite pagando todo el arancel, por lo tanto, ah\u00ed hay un potencial importante. Cuando tienes un escenario de certeza en el tiempo, puedes tener impacto en otros productos.<\/p>\n<h5>-\u00bfCu\u00e1l es el siguiente paso en la relaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica entre ambos pa\u00edses? \u00bfQu\u00e9 temas vienen?<\/h5>\n<p>A partir de ahorase abre una agenda nueva, con temas que est\u00e1n en la \u00f3rbita de la cooperaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica comercial, -ya no en la l\u00f3gica arancelaria- como las regulaciones como concepto general. Y cuando hablo de regulaciones, me refiero a temas sanitarios, fitosanitarios, normas t\u00e9cnicas en general y otras, que est\u00e1n cada vez m\u00e1s presentes en el comercio internacional, como la inocuidad alimentaria, el cambio clim\u00e1tico, las normas de origen y una serie de reglas que son, en definitiva, las que afectar\u00e1n al comercio en el futuro. Lo significativo en esta relaci\u00f3n bis a bis es que tenemos un acuerdo amplio, donde tenemos cubiertos los distintos \u00e1mbitos y tenemos una institucionalidad que podemos aprovechar cabalmente para abordar esta nueva agenda. En este sentido, marca una gran diferencia tener un acuerdo con no tener un acuerdo.<\/p>\n<h5>-\u00bfEn qu\u00e9 temas falta avanzar? \u00bfCu\u00e1les son las materias pendientes en \u00e1reas como lasanitaria o medio ambiente?<\/h5>\n<p>Tenemos un comit\u00e9 sanitario que se re\u00fane peri\u00f3dicamente en una relaci\u00f3n relativamente fluida. Durante estos 12 a\u00f1os de vigencia del acuerdo, Chile logr\u00f3 abrir muchos productos que estaban cerrados inicialmente, como consecuencia de las negociaciones y de esta institucionalidad. En varios casos hubo productos, por ejemplo, los pollos, en que ten\u00edamos una cuota con arancel cero, pero no la pod\u00edamos utilizar porque no cont\u00e1bamoscon las autorizaciones sanitarias. Lo mismo pas\u00f3 con algunos tipos de frutas y se fue resolviendo en el camino. Hay productos que tienen tr\u00e1mites sanitarios pendientes, pero hay que ir priorizando. Hace once a\u00f1os, por ejemplo, los c\u00edtricos no eran relevantes, por lo tanto, no era prioridad abrirlos sanitariamente y hoy d\u00eda s\u00ed lo son. Lo importante, es que tenemos la institucionalidad.<\/p>\n<p>Adem\u00e1s, hace tiempo estamos pidiendo que la certificaci\u00f3n de ciertos productos se haga en origen, que no tengamos que esperar que se realice en destino, sino que se reconozca la institucionalidad local. Este procedimiento est\u00e1 en curso. Esto no significa que esos productos no entren, sino que son certificados en destino.<\/p>\n<h5>-Retomando el tema de la nueva agenda comercial con EE.UU. \u00bfQu\u00e9 ejes o puntos incorpora?<\/h5>\n<p>El TLC tiene un cap\u00edtulo de cooperaci\u00f3n en medio ambiente, hoy no ha sido cabalmente desarrollado, ha habido reuniones, pero se abre una posibilidad de trabajar. EE.UU. tiene gran experiencia, por ejemplo, en materia de inocuidad alimentaria, con una norma que est\u00e1 en la frontera y que obliga a establecer procedimientos en Chile distintos incluso, a los que existen en el est\u00e1ndar latinoamericano y mundial.<\/p>\n<p>De igual manera en cambio clim\u00e1tico. Cada vez m\u00e1s los mercados exigen certificaciones y mediciones de la huella de carbono, del agua e incluso, la posibilidad de ser declarado carbono neutral, lo que otorga un plus y un est\u00e1ndar distinto en los mercados internacionales. Son temas que hay que trabajar y, probablemente, tendremos que cambiar el chip, para tratar de traer esa experiencia a los acuerdos y establecer programas de cooperaci\u00f3n. Por ejemplo, EE.UU. tiene con M\u00e9xico una mesa de trabajo de innovaci\u00f3n y emprendimiento y con otros pa\u00edses, en temas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, lo que, eventualmente, podr\u00edamos replicar. Hoy son parte del est\u00e1ndar m\u00e1s soft, pero que tienen cada vez m\u00e1s relaci\u00f3n con el comercio. Hay que recuperar esa agenda en la relaci\u00f3n bilateral y aprovechar la experiencia de EE.UU. y configurar programas.<\/p>\n<h5>-Y\u00bfcu\u00e1les son las prioridades de Chile en este \u00e1mbito?\u00bfEn qu\u00e9 \u00e1reas espec\u00edficas le interesa establecer mesas de trabajo con EE.UU.?<\/h5>\n<p>-Inocuidad, seguridad en el comercio internacional, medio ambiente y cambio clim\u00e1tico. Estamos trabajando en una agenda con los exportadores de Chile. Hay una figura que se llama el operador econ\u00f3mico autorizado, en que ciertas empresas se pueden certificar de manera de dar certeza a EE.UU. de lo que se va a exportar, y de esta forma entrar en una especie de fasttrack (v\u00eda r\u00e1pida) a ese mercado, pero para ello, hay que adoptar procedimientos, certificarse e invertir. En Chile el que conduce esto es el Servicio Nacional de Aduanas. Nosotros armamos una mesa para competitividad de los exportadores, en el marco de la Agenda de Productividad, Innovaci\u00f3n y Crecimiento, son 12 medidas, una de las cuales es la certificaci\u00f3n como operador econ\u00f3mico autorizado en materia de seguridad.<\/p>\n<h5>\u00bfC\u00f3mo proyecta a futuro la relaci\u00f3n comercial entre Chile y Estados Unidos?<\/h5>\n<p>Es un mercado que probablemente se va a seguir diversificando en materia de productos, empresas, bienes, servicios y van a entrar actores nuevos como exportadores de servicios. Hay distintas maneras de exportar servicios, cuando vienen turistas o estudiantes, est\u00e1s exportando servicios. EE.UU. es el quinto receptor de las exportaciones chilenas en el extranjero, hay invertidos unos US$ 7 mil millones en el sector servicios.<\/p>\n<p>Estamos en otras negociaciones, adem\u00e1s de la bilateral, ellos son miembros observadores de la Alianza del Pac\u00edfico -donde tambi\u00e9n hay una agenda interesante de trabajar- y ha mostrado un inter\u00e9s de generar una agenda de cooperaci\u00f3n con la Alianza, adem\u00e1s estamos negociando el TPP.<\/p>\n<h4>ACUERDO TRANSPACIFIC PARTNERSHIP<\/h4>\n<p>Desde hace siete a\u00f1os que se est\u00e1 negociando el Acuerdo Transpacific Partnership (TPP), impulsado por EE.UU., el que involucra a un total de 12 pa\u00edses -Australia, Brunei, Canad\u00e1, Chile, EE.UU., Malasia, M\u00e9xico, Jap\u00f3n, Nueva Zelanda, Per\u00fa, Singapur y Vietnam-. Rebolledo califica que ha sido un proceso &#8220;arduo&#8221;, en el sentido que nuestro pa\u00eds logr\u00f3 un muy buen TLC -bilateral- con EE.UU., por lo tanto, el gran objetivo del gobierno chileno en este punto es resguardar los acuerdos del tratado bilateral en el TPP.<\/p>\n<p>En lo concreto, Chile gana en acumulaci\u00f3n de origen, en elevaci\u00f3n de est\u00e1ndares y normas de comercio internacional y, eventualmente, acceso a mercados como Jap\u00f3n y Malasia. \u00bfAlg\u00fan riesgo? S\u00ed, en temas sensibles como propiedad intelectual y contenidos digitales. Pero &#8220;queremos resguardar lo que tenemos en el bilateral&#8221;, &#8220;no abrir los temas sensibles&#8221;, aclara la autoridad.<\/p>\n<h5>-Chile tiene TLCs vigentes con 56 naciones y con todos los pa\u00edses que est\u00e1n negociandoel TPP. De firmarse este tratado \u00bfcu\u00e1les ser\u00edan los beneficios adicionales para nuestro pa\u00eds?<\/h5>\n<p>Si se concibe b\u00e1sicamente desde la perspectiva arancelaria, le da a Chile beneficios muy acotados a ciertos pa\u00edses, con quienes tenemos acuerdos m\u00e1s limitados: Malasia, Canad\u00e1, pero sobre todo con Jap\u00f3n. Con este pa\u00eds tenemos un acuerdo con excepciones, con un mont\u00f3n de cuotas, y aunque no est\u00e1 definido si en el TPP habr\u00e1 excepciones finalmente, ser\u00e1 un acuerdo m\u00e1s amplio, y m\u00e1s profundo que el que tenemos hoy, por lo que hay un espacio importante para ganar.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/grafico_1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft  wp-image-138750\" style=\"margin: 10px; float: left;\" alt=\"grafico_1\" src=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/grafico_1.jpg\" width=\"305\" height=\"274\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>El TPP est\u00e1 estableciendo normas y est\u00e1ndares comerciales que hoy no existen, ni en los acuerdos bilaterales, ni en la OMC (Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial del Comercio) y, por lo tanto, se est\u00e1n generando normativas en \u00e1reas incluso nuevas, por ejemplo, en materias como coherencia regulatoria, empresas del Estado, transparencia, temas laborales, ambientales, que ser\u00e1n, probablemente, los est\u00e1ndares que van a perfilar el mapa mundial en normativa comercial. Hist\u00f3ricamente, esto se daba en la OMC o en el GATT (Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio), pero hoy estas normas se est\u00e1n configurando en los mega acuerdos, como el que EE.UU. negocia con Europa o el TPP.<\/p>\n<h5>&#8211; El TLC con EE.UU. es un acuerdo amplio. \u00bfExiste alg\u00fan aspecto adicionalen el TPP que sea ventajoso para Chile?<\/h5>\n<p>Un elemento importante, potencial, es el concepto de la acumulaci\u00f3n de origen. Cuando tienes un acuerdo bilateral vendo mi tel\u00e9fono, pero tengo que cumplir una norma de origen. No puedo traer las piezas de China y que el destinario me d\u00e9 rebaja arancelaria cero, tengo que cumplir una norma de origen que se negocia.Hoy tengo la posibilidad de acumular materiales, insumos, o bienes intermedios entre los dos: si quiero hacer un tel\u00e9fono y tengo materiales de Estados Unidos, los incorporo y se consideran como si fueran nacionales lo que ayuda a cumplir la norma de origen. El TPP abre la posibilidad de acumular origen con 12 pa\u00edses, pudiendo ocupar el material de cualquiera de los otros once, lo que abre m\u00e1s opciones para la matriz productiva, pues voy a poder comprar a cuatro o cinco pa\u00edses, acumulo origen, y puedo vender el producto a cualquiera de los integrantes del acuerdo. Y mis insumos tambi\u00e9n los pueden acumular. Por lo tanto, tengo una doble ganancia, tengo m\u00e1s opciones de proveedores y mis productos tienen m\u00e1s opciones de ser acumulados por otros. Y \u00e9ste es uno de los elementos, probablemente, de los m\u00e1s significativos de la expansi\u00f3n que pueda haber en materia comercial m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de los aranceles. Esto para nuestro pa\u00eds es m\u00e1s importante que el tema arancelario.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/grafico_2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft  wp-image-138751\" style=\"margin: 10px; float: left;\" alt=\"grafico_2\" src=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/grafico_2.jpg\" width=\"486\" height=\"233\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h5>-Desde la APEC se ha visto un reimpulso a las negociaciones del TPP, pero persisten dudas en algunos sectores. \u00bfQu\u00e9 rol est\u00e1 jugando el Cuarto Adjunto\u2013instancia de difusi\u00f3n impulsada por el Gobierno- en esta materia?<\/h5>\n<p>El Cuarto Adjunto le ha dado mucha transparencia al proceso, (a trav\u00e9s de esta herramienta) le hemos informado de manera muy sustantiva a los involucrados d\u00f3nde y qu\u00e9 se est\u00e1 negociando. Por lo tanto, la cr\u00edtica respecto del desconocimiento se ha ido despejando. Hemos tenido casi 30 reuniones desde fines de marzo de 2013, nos hemos reunido con 120 organizaciones de todo tipo, empresariales, ONGs, representantes de los trabajadores, universidades. Es un instrumento importante y, sin duda, en una negociaci\u00f3n de esta envergadura tiene todo el sentido conversar con los involucrados, no se negocia en abstracto.<\/p>\n<h5>-\u00bfY esto ha implicado una mayor aceptaci\u00f3n del TPP respecto de los temas sensibles, como propiedad industrial y derecho de autor?<\/h5>\n<p>Han pasado diez meses desde que comenzamos a conducir esta negociaci\u00f3n. Hay temas que se han ido resolviendo. Los m\u00e1s sensibles son propiedad industrial en dos expresiones, propiedad intelectual -medicamentos- y derecho de autor; medio ambiente &#8211; temas de conservaci\u00f3n-, y aspectos de inversi\u00f3n, servicios y Banco Central. Todos han ido evolucionando. Hay que tener en cuenta que somos 12 (pa\u00edses), por lo tanto, hay sensibilidades diferentes, en algunos casos las posiciones son colectivas, en otros, estamos m\u00e1s solos. No obstante, siguen habiendo temas que no hemos logrado resolver y que para nosotros siguen siendo sensibles, particularmente en propiedad intelectual, donde hemos persistido en nuestra posici\u00f3n, insistiendo en que tenemos complicaciones en medicamentos en particular y observancia en aspectos del \u00e1mbito digital, asociados a Internet.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/grafico_3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-138752\" alt=\"grafico_3\" src=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/grafico_3.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"145\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h5>-En lo que se refiere a patentes de medicamentos se ha mencionado que podr\u00eda afectar la venta de gen\u00e9ricos.<\/h5>\n<p>Chile tiene un est\u00e1ndar asumido en el TLC con EE.UU.del que no queremos movernos, queremos mantenerlo en materia de protecci\u00f3n. Esto ya signific\u00f3 un esfuerzo cuando lo negociamos hace diez a\u00f1os. Hay distintas normas en materia de patentes, pero b\u00e1sicamente dan cuenta de cu\u00e1nto se protege los productos asociados a patentes versus los gen\u00e9ricos. No queremos que este punto afecte a los gen\u00e9ricos. Todas estas normas establecen un trade off sobre cu\u00e1nto tiempo tienes la exclusividad de un medicamento que tiene patente, versus la posibilidad que entre al mercado uno que tiene el mismo principio activo, pero que es gen\u00e9rico. De distintas maneras, usualmente lo que quiere el pa\u00eds grande es dar protecci\u00f3n y tiempo a esto. El est\u00e1ndar es cu\u00e1nto tiempo tienes de flexibilidad para que el gen\u00e9rico ingrese en plazos breves con flexibilidad normativa. \u00c9se es el dilema.<\/p>\n<h5>-\u00bfY c\u00f3mo visualizan las negociones respecto de este punto? \u00bfHay otros pa\u00edses que est\u00e1n tambi\u00e9n en la postura de Chile?<\/h5>\n<p>Hay algunos, pero no muchos, porque EE.UU. ya ha logrado estos est\u00e1ndares con otros pa\u00edses que participan en esta negociaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<h5>-Y en caso que se apruebe la propuesta tal como est\u00e1 en materia de protecci\u00f3n de medicamentos,para Chile \u00bfprimar\u00eda lo acordado en el TLC o el nuevo est\u00e1ndar?<\/h5>\n<p>Va a existir una figura particular en que va a convivir el bilateral versus el TPP. En este caso, prima el m\u00e1s alto est\u00e1ndar, por eso que es complicado, pues en el futuro podr\u00edan surgir interpretaciones sobre cu\u00e1l es el m\u00e1s alto est\u00e1ndar. Estamos tratando de establecer en el TPP los resguardos lo m\u00e1s expl\u00edcitamente posible de lo que tenemos en el bilateral, para no tener que entrar a esta discusi\u00f3n que puede ser interpretable en el futuro.Estamos tratando de mantener lo que ya tenemos. No abrir estos temas sensibles a lo que ya tenemos en el bilateral.<\/p>\n<p>-El otro tema sensible es lo que tiene que ver con la responsabilidad de los Proveedores de Servicios de Internet (ISP) en el \u00e1mbito de los contenidos de Internet. \u00bfCu\u00e1l es la posici\u00f3n de Chile?<\/p>\n<p>EE.UU. establece que quien estima que hay una violaci\u00f3n de derecho de autor tiene la posibilidad de decirle al ISP que baje el contenido. Y Chile no tiene esto en el bilateral (TLC), por lo tanto, estamos defendiendo que el est\u00e1ndar bilateral se mantenga.<\/p>\n<h5>-El ministro Heraldo Mu\u00f1oz se\u00f1al\u00f3 que las negociaciones del TPP podr\u00edan concluir a mediados de 2015. \u00bfSe mantiene esa fecha?<\/h5>\n<p>Como Chile no estamos comprometidos con ninguna fecha. EE.UU. ha dicho que tiene inter\u00e9s en que esto concluya a mediados de a\u00f1o. Y est\u00e1n haciendo un esfuerzo importante por obtener el TPA (TradePromotionAuthority) en el Congreso, que es el fasttrack que les permite tener unas directrices para negociar. Todo parece indicar que lo obtendr\u00e1n pronto, por lo tanto, podr\u00eda haber un escenario m\u00e1s propicio para la conclusi\u00f3n del TPP.<\/p>\n<h5>-Una vez aprobado el TPP, \u00bfChile tendr\u00e1 que adecuar normativas o reglamentos?<\/h5>\n<p>Todo eso va a depender c\u00f3mo quede la \u00faltima norma.<\/p>\n<h5>-Por \u00faltimo, \u00bfChile est\u00e1 dispuesto a firmar de todas maneras el TPP si se pierde en temas que ya estaban acordados en el TLC?<\/h5>\n<p>Vamos a procurar que no pase. Buscamos tener un acuerdo balanceado, que tenga beneficios n\u00edtidos, como la acumulaci\u00f3n de origen o la elevaci\u00f3n de est\u00e1ndares de comercio, pero que no signifique abrir temas complejos y sensibles que ya est\u00e1n determinados por un est\u00e1ndar en el bilateral, particularmente en propiedad intelectual. Y \u00e9se ha sido nuestro enfoque desde el d\u00eda uno, nos sentamos a negociar de buena fe, pero nuestra concepci\u00f3n es tener un acuerdo balanceado que conjugue estas dos cosas: beneficios potenciales y salvaguardar los temas sensibles a nivel de lo que ya tenemos en el TLC.<!--:--><!--:en--><\/p>\n<h4><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">The total lifting of tariffs opens the door to a new economic agenda with the United States on issues of safety and security in trade, climate change and the environment. On the other hand, during the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations, the Chilean government aspires to defend what have been called &#8220;sensitive&#8221; issues, including intellectual property and copyright law.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>The year 2013 marked a decade since the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between Chile and the United States came into force, while in January 2015, zero tariffs and the end of shipment quotas began. This new agreement ispositive for Chile, and the country has the distinction of having achieved the tariff relief in a record time of 12 years, compared to the 18 or 20 years that it takes to establish other bilateral agreements with the US.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The FTA marked a standard that was not necessarily applied to other agreements. Since the first minute of 2015, all tariffs were eliminated, along with the quotas. In addition, in our case, there are no excluded products, whereas other agreements signed by the US include significant exceptions&#8221;, says Andr\u00e9s Rebolledo, Director of the General Directorate for International Economic Affairs (Direcon), part of the Chilean Ministry of Foreign Relations.<\/p>\n<p>Direcon notes that since 2003, Chilean shipments to the US have almost tripled, growing from US$3.799 billion to US$9.273 billion in 2014. This is a key point, given the diversified nature of the Chilean export portfolioto the US: last year, non-copper shipments accounted for 72% of the total.<\/p>\n<p>What opportunities arise for Chilean exports following the elimination of tariffs and quotas?<\/p>\n<p>Zero tariffs imply a process; we did not go from a tariff of 10 to a tariff of 0 overnight on 31 December. Potential impacts are conceivable on products that were previously subject to quotas, about ten in all, including fruit, avocados and milk-derivatives. Five or six years ago, some of these made up the entire quota and in some cases, they were exported over the limit, with the entire tariff being paid. Therefore, there is significant potential in this area. A scenario of certainty over time can have an impact on other products.<\/p>\n<p>What is the next step in the economic relationship between the two countries? What issues will be discussed next?<\/p>\n<p>From now on, a new agenda has been initiated, covering issues revolving around economic trade cooperation (no longer in the tariff sense), like regulation as a general concept. And when I say regulation, I mean issues relating to sanitary and phytosanitary measures, technical legislation in general and others, which are becoming increasingly noticeable in international trade, such as food safety, climate change, rules of origin, and a series of regulations that are, in short, those that will affect trade in the future. The important thing in this relationship is to have a broad agreement in which we cover numerous issues and an institutional framework in place that can take full advantage of this new agenda. In this way, there is a big difference between having an agreement and not having an agreement.<\/p>\n<p>On what issues is greater progress needed? What are the pressing areas in terms of health and the environment?<\/p>\n<p>We have a health committee that meets regularly on a relatively smooth basis. During these past 12 years of applying the FTA, Chile has managed to open up many products that were initially closed off, thanks to negotiations and this institutional framework. In a number of cases, for example, chicken, we had a quota with a zero tariff, but which were we unable to utilize because we did not have the right health regulations in place. The same thing happened with certain types of fruit which was resolved along the way. There are products facing pending health procedures, but these issues have to be prioritized. Eight years ago, for example, citrus fruits were irrelevant, and as a result, there was no urgency to open these up in terms of health and safety. Nowadays, however, they are relevant. The important thing is to have an institutional framework in place.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, we have been asking that the certification of certain products is done at source, that we do not have to wait for it to be done at the point of destination, and rather that it recognizes the local institutions. This process is ongoing. This does not mean that these products cannot enter the country, just that they are being certified at destination.<\/p>\n<p>Going back to the new trade agenda with the US, what are the key ideas or points being addressed?<\/p>\n<p>The FTA includes a chapter on environmental cooperation, which has not yet been fully developed. Meetings have been held, but there is room for more work to be done. The US has extensive experience, for example, in the area of food safety, with oneborder regulation obliging Chile to establish procedures which are different even to those that exist in the Latin American and global standard.<\/p>\n<p>There is a similar situation regarding climate change. Markets are increasingly demanding certifications and measurements of carbon footprints, of water and even the possibility of being declared carbon neutral. This represents an additional, different standardto other international markets. These are issues on which we have to work, and we will probably have to &#8216;flick a switch&#8217; to try to bring this experience to bear in the agreements and in establishing programs of cooperation. For example, the US has an innovation and entrepreneurship roundtable with Mexico and other countries, on issues of Corporate Social Responsibility, which we could, eventually, replicate. Today, these issues are part of the &#8216;soft&#8217; standard, but are becoming increasingly linked to trade. We have to recover that agenda in the bilateral relationship and take advantage of the US experience to devise new programs.<\/p>\n<p>And what are the priorities for Chile in this regard? On what specific areas would you like to establish roundtables with the United States?<\/p>\n<p>Safety and security in international trade, climate change and the environment. We are working on an agenda with Chilean exporters. There is a concept called the Authorized Economic Operator, in which certain businesses can become certified as a way of assuring the US about their exports, and thereby enter into a kind of fast-track system to the US market. But to do this, companies must adopt certain procedures, they become certified and they must invest. In Chile, the body overseeing this system is the National Customs Service. We hold a roundtable on competiveness for exporters, in the framework of the Productivity, Innovation and Growth Agenda. This consists of 12 measures, one of which is certification as an authorized economic operator on issues of safety.<\/p>\n<p>How do you foresee the future trade relationship between Chile and the United States?<\/p>\n<p>It is a market that will probably keep diversifying in terms of products, companies, goods and services, with new actors emerging as service exporters. There are different ways of exporting services; when tourists visit or students come to study, they are exporting services. The US is the fifth largest receiver of Chilean foreign exports, with around US$7 billion invested in the services sector.<\/p>\n<p>We are participating in other negotiations too, as well as the bilateral ones, as observer members of the Pacific Alliance (in which there is also an interesting working agenda). Here, interest has been shown indrawing up an agenda of cooperation with the Alliance. We are also negotiating in the TPP.<\/p>\n<p>TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT<\/p>\n<p>Negotiations in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement have been taking place for the last six years. Driven by the US, these negotiations include a total of 12 countries: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile,Japan,Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the US and Vietnam.Rebolledo calls the process &#8220;arduous&#8221;, in the sense that Chile has already successfully negotiated an FTA with the United States. As a result, the main objective of the Chilean government during TPP talks is to safeguard the agreements underlined in this bilateral instrument.<\/p>\n<p>In concrete terms, Chile wins in terms of cumulation of origin, by raising standards and rules of international trade and, eventually, gaining access to markets like Japan and Malaysia. Is there any risk? Yes, in sensitive issues like intellectual property and digital content. But, as Rebolledo says, &#8220;we want to safeguard what we have in the bilateral (treaty) \u2026 not open up the sensitive areas&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Chile currently has FTAs with 56 countries and with all the countries negotiating in the TPP. What are the additional benefits of signing this agreement for the country?<\/p>\n<p>Basically, if taken from the tariff perspective, it provides Chile with benefits regarding particular countries, with which we have more limited agreements: Malaysia, Canada and above all, Japan. With Japan, we have an agreement with exceptions, with plenty of quotas and, although it is still not clear whether the TPP will include exceptions, it will be a broader agreement and deeper than the one we have at present, so there are still important issues to play for.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/grafico_1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft  wp-image-138750\" style=\"margin: 10px; float: left;\" alt=\"grafico_1\" src=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/grafico_1.jpg\" width=\"305\" height=\"274\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The TPP is determining trade legislation and standards that do not currently exist, whether in bilateral agreements or in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Therefore, rules are being drawn up in many areas, including new ones, for example, on issues like regulatory coherence, State companies, transparency, labour issues and environmental issues, which will probably be the standards that help to shape the world map in terms of trade law. Historically, this role has been fulfilled by the WTO or GATT (the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), but today these rules are being devised by means of large-scale agreements, such as those negotiated between the US and Europe or the TPP.<\/p>\n<p>The FTA with the United States is a broad agreement. Is there any additional area in which the TPP could be advantageous for Chile?<\/p>\n<p>One important element, potentially, is the concept of cumulation of origin. When you have a bilateral agreement, I can sell my phone, but I have to abide by a rule of origin. I cannot bring in parts from China and expect that the recipient gives me a zero tariff reduction; I have to stick to the negotiated rule of origin. Today, I have the chance to accumulate intermediate materials, supplies, or goods between the two: if I want to make a telephone and I have materials from the United States, I will incorporate these and they will be considered Chilean, thereby helping to abide by this rule of origin.<\/p>\n<p>The TPP opens the possibility of cumulation of origin with 12 countries, allowing for material to be used from any of the other 11. This, therefore, opens up more options for the productive headquarters, as I will be able to purchase from four or five countries, I can cumulate origin, and then I can sell the product to any of the other members of the agreement. And they can also cumulate my supplies. Therefore, it creates a win-win situation, as I have more supply options and products are more likely to be purchased by others. And this isprobably one of the most important elements of the expansion that could occur as a result of trade issues beyond tariffs. Indeed, for Chile, this is more important than the topic of tariffs.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/grafico_2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft  wp-image-138751\" style=\"margin: 10px; float: left;\" alt=\"grafico_2\" src=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/grafico_2.jpg\" width=\"486\" height=\"233\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Since APEC, there has been a renewed impetus to the TPP negotiations, but doubts remain in certain sectors. What role is the Cuarto Adjunto (meaning Fourth Initiative) [a space for debate opened by the Chilean Government] playing in this regard?<\/p>\n<p>The Cuarto Adjunto has provided a lot of transparency to the process. (Through this tool) we have been able to provide substantial information to those involved regarding where and what is being negotiated. Therefore, criticism around a lack of knowledge (about the process) has dissipated. We have held almost 30 meetings since the end of March 2013, we have met with 120 organizations of all types; businesses, NGOs, and representatives of employees and universities. It is an important instrument and, undoubtedly, for negotiations of this magnitude, it makes complete sense to hold discussions with those involved, rather than dealing with the issues in an abstract manner.<\/p>\n<p>And has this implied broader acceptance of the TPP in terms of sensitive issues, like industrial property and copyright law?<\/p>\n<p>It has been ten months since we began pushing these negotiations, and there are some issues which have been resolved. The most sensitive of these are industrial property in two forms: intellectual property (medication) and copyright law; as well as the environment (conservation issues); and issues relating to investment, services and the Central Bank. All have been evolving over time. It should be remembered that we are 12 (countries), and there are different sensitivities as a result. In some cases, positions are collective,while in others, we are more isolated. Nevertheless, there are still issues which we have not managed to resolve and that remain sensitive for us. In particular, there is intellectual property, in which we have maintained our position, consistently expressing our concerns regarding medication patents, in particular, as well as certain aspects concerning digital issues relating to the internet.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-138752\" alt=\"grafico_3\" src=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/grafico_3.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"145\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In relation to what you mentioned about medication patents, it has been said that this could affect sales of generic medicines.<\/p>\n<p>Chile has assumed a standard as part of the FTA with the United States, from which we do not wish to move; we want to keep this protected. This has already involved great effort during the negotiations ten years ago. There are different regulations concerning patents, but basically they relate to the levels of protection of the products associated to patents versus generic ones. We do not want this to affect generic medicines. All these rules establish a trade-off regarding how much time the exclusivity of a patented medicine lasts, versus the possibility of one entering the market with the same active ingredient, but that is generic. In different ways, usually the bigger country wants to protect and assign time to this issue. The standard is how much room is given for the generic medicine to enter in the short term with legal flexibility. This is the dilemma.<\/p>\n<p>And how do you foresee the negotiations on this issue? Are there other countries which share the position of Chile?<\/p>\n<p>There are some but not many, since the US has already resolved this standard with other countries participating in the TPP process.<\/p>\n<p>And if the proposal is agreed upon as it stands in terms of the protection of medication, for Chile, which would prevail, the FTA agreement or the new standard?<\/p>\n<p>There will be a special concept in which the bilateral and TPP agreements coexist. In this case, the highest standard prevails, which is why it is complicated, because in the future there may be deliberation as to which of the two is higher. We are trying to establish safeguards in the most explicit terms possible in the TPP regarding what hasalready been established in the bilateral agreement. (The idea is to try) to avoid this discussion becoming open to interpretation in the future. We are working to secure what we already have,since we do not want to open up these sensitive issues which have previously been clarified in the FTA.<\/p>\n<p>Another sensitive issue relates to the responsibilities of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and internet content. What is the position of Chile?<\/p>\n<p>The US establishes that whoever deems there to have been a breach of copyright has the chance to request the ISP to remove the relevant content. And Chile does not have this assurance in the FTA, and we are therefore defending the position of the bilateral agreement.<\/p>\n<p>Minister Heraldo Mu\u00f1oz indicated that TPP negotiations could be completed by mid-2015. Does this date still stand?<\/p>\n<p>Chile is not committing itself to any particular date. The US has said that it is interested in concluding the process by mid-2015. And they are attempting to obtain a Trade Promotion Authority in the US Congress, a fast-track allowing for negotiation guidelines to be compiled. Everything seems to indicate that they will achieve this quite soon, which could be favourable to the conclusion of the TPP.<\/p>\n<p>Once the TPP has been approved, will Chile have to make any legal or regulatory adjustments?<\/p>\n<p>That depends on the content of the final agreement.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, is Chile willing to sign the TPP at any cost, even if it loses out on issues that have already been approved by the FTA?<\/p>\n<p>We will ensure that this does not happen. We are seeking a balanced agreement, with clear benefits, like the cumulation of origin or the evaluation of trade standards, but that do not involve having to open up complex and sensitive issues that are already covered by a bilateral instrument, particularly relating to intellectual property. And this has been our focus since day one. We sat down to negotiate in good faith, but our view is to reach a balanced agreement that combines two things: potential benefits and safeguards for the sensitive issues at the level at which these have already been established in the FTA.<\/p>\n<p>HIGHLIGHTED<\/p>\n<p>Since the FTA came into force, Chilean shipments to the US have almost tripled, growing from US$3.799 billion to US$9.273 billion in 2014.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;We are trying to establish safeguards in the most explicit terms possible in the TPP regarding what wehave already establishedin the bilateral agreement. The idea is to try to avoid this discussion becoming open to interpretation in the future&#8221;.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La apertura arancelaria total abre paso a una nueva agenda econ\u00f3mica con Estados Unidos en temas de inocuidad, seguridad en el comercio, cambio clim\u00e1tico y medio ambiente. Por otro lado, en las negociaciones del Acuerdo Transpac\u00edfico (TPP), el gobierno chileno aspira a defender temas considerados &#8220;sensibles&#8221; como propiedad intelectual y derecho de autor. En 2013 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-9079","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Andr\u00e9s Rebolledo, director de Direcon: TLC 2.0: La nueva agenda comercial con Estados UnidosAndr\u00e9s Rebolledo, Director ofDirecon FTA 2.0: The new trade agenda with the United States - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/andres-rebolledo-director-de-direcon-tlc-2-0-la-nueva-agenda-comercial-con-estados-unidos\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Andr\u00e9s Rebolledo, director de Direcon: TLC 2.0: La nueva agenda comercial con Estados UnidosAndr\u00e9s Rebolledo, Director ofDirecon FTA 2.0: The new trade agenda with the United States - AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La apertura arancelaria total abre paso a una nueva agenda econ\u00f3mica con Estados Unidos en temas de inocuidad, seguridad en el comercio, cambio clim\u00e1tico y medio ambiente. Por otro lado, en las negociaciones del Acuerdo Transpac\u00edfico (TPP), el gobierno chileno aspira a defender temas considerados &#8220;sensibles&#8221; como propiedad intelectual y derecho de autor. 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Por otro lado, en las negociaciones del Acuerdo Transpac\u00edfico (TPP), el gobierno chileno aspira a defender temas considerados &#8220;sensibles&#8221; como propiedad intelectual y derecho de autor. 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