Pablo Antol\u00edn Nicol\u00e1s.<\/strong><\/p>\n\u201cHay pa\u00edses que tienen tasas de reemplazo muy altas, como es el caso de Espa\u00f1a, Austria, Hungr\u00eda, Italia y Turqu\u00eda. Esto es lo que promete el sistema, pero no quiere decir que sea financieramente viable y, de hecho, \u00e9stos son pa\u00edses que tienen problemas financieros en el sistema p\u00fablico de reparto\u201d, afirm\u00f3.<\/p>\n
Respecto de Chile, coment\u00f3 que la cobertura voluntaria no es baja en relaci\u00f3n a otros pa\u00edses de la OCDE, pero s\u00ed lo es al compararla con otros sistemas obligatorios. No obstante, destac\u00f3 el rendimiento de los fondos de pensiones, que durante el per\u00edodo 2002-2012 ha sido de los mejores.<\/p>\n
\u201cEn la OCDE no decimos si se tiene que contribuir 20% o 25%, pero aconsejamos que si uno quiere alcanzar cierta tasa de reemplazo o cierta pensi\u00f3n tiene que calcular cu\u00e1nto necesita contribuir durante su vida laboral para alcanzarla. Cu\u00e1l es esa tasa, \u00e9sa es una cuesti\u00f3n de cada pa\u00eds y sistema\u201d, apunt\u00f3.<\/p>\n
La reforma que se requiere<\/strong><\/p>\nDurante el primer panel se discuti\u00f3 en torno a las caracter\u00edsticas del actual sistema de pensiones de Chile y se dieron a conocer una serie de recomendaciones por parte de los expertos participantes.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"\/sites\/default\/files\/klaus_0.JPG\")
\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/strong>Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel.<\/strong><\/p>\nEl ex economista jefe de la OCDE y director de AFP Habitat, Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, sugiri\u00f3 incrementar gradualmente (a tres a\u00f1os) la tasa de cotizaci\u00f3n desde el actual 10% a un 13%, se\u00f1alando que \u00e9sta deber\u00eda ser pagada en un comienzo por los empleadores. Adem\u00e1s, propuso sumar un aumento gradual (en un per\u00edodo de entre 7 y 14 a\u00f1os) de la edad de jubilaci\u00f3n de hombres y mujeres, elev\u00e1ndolas en ambos casos hasta los 67 a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n
En tanto, la Superintendenta de Pensiones, Tamara Agnic, sostuvo que \u201cesto tambi\u00e9n conlleva una responsabilidad por parte del empleador, pues no sacamos nada con aumentar la edad de jubilaci\u00f3n si no hay trabajo para personas mayores\u201d.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"\/sites\/default\/files\/agnic.JPG\")
\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nTamara Agnic.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nPor otro lado, tambi\u00e9n se debati\u00f3 sobre las lagunas y la evasi\u00f3n. Lo cierto, es que al no cotizar durante ciertos per\u00edodos, el efecto final sobre las pensiones resulta muy significativo. M\u00e1s a\u00fan si esto se da en edades tempranas.<\/p>\n
\u201cHay un 19% de evasi\u00f3n, por lo que hay una oportunidad de mejora muy grande\u201d, enfatiz\u00f3 el presidente de la Asociaci\u00f3n de Administradores de Fondos de Pensiones, Rodrigo P\u00e9rez, quien adem\u00e1s recomend\u00f3 el seguro de cesant\u00eda para enfrentar las lagunas.<\/p>\n
En cuanto a la rentabilidad, Agnic destac\u00f3 la herramienta de los multifondos, la que al entregar distintas opciones de inversi\u00f3n, diversifica el riesgo. Sin embargo, al igual que los otros expertos del panel, coincidi\u00f3 en que es un asunto muy dif\u00edcil de controlar, y que no siempre es f\u00e1cil anticiparse al movimiento de los mercados.<\/p>\n
\u201cEntregar la libertad de escoger fondos es una responsabilidad y se necesita educar a los cotizantes en estas materias\u201d, se\u00f1al\u00f3 la superintendenta, posici\u00f3n compartida un\u00e1nimemente por el panel. Al respecto, los expertos recomendaron a las AFP considerar un sistema de asesoramiento m\u00e1s completo, donde se incluya el monitoreo de los perfiles de riesgo de los cotizantes en cada tipo de fondo para tenerlos m\u00e1s informados y as\u00ed hacerles recomendaciones del mejor fondo para invertir.<\/p>\n
La visi\u00f3n de Estados Unidos<\/strong><\/p>\nEl evento tambi\u00e9n cont\u00f3 con la participaci\u00f3n de Gregory Burrows, vicepresidente senior de servicios de inversiones y pensiones de Principal Financial Group, quien fue categ\u00f3rico en se\u00f1alar que no existe un modelo en el mundo que sea mejor. \u201cTodos los pa\u00edses, incluyendo Chile, est\u00e1n buscando la f\u00f3rmula adecuada para la jubilaci\u00f3n, pero no hay una vara m\u00e1gica\u201d, dijo y aprovech\u00f3 de destacar el sistema de jubilaci\u00f3n chileno en relaci\u00f3n al de otros pa\u00edses, en especial, por los pilares solidario y voluntario.<\/p>\n
El experto recalc\u00f3 que los trabajadores deben ser responsables para financiar su retiro, donde la educaci\u00f3n es algo crucial para hacerles entender su rol. En este sentido, se\u00f1al\u00f3 que los ahorros en Chile deben apuntar a 12%, 13% o 15%, en un horizonte de 45 a\u00f1os, para alcanzar una buena jubilaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n
Tambi\u00e9n destac\u00f3 el sistema 401 K, el que a pesar de no ser obligatorio re\u00fane a 88 millones de estadounidenses y tiene una tasa de ahorro tres veces mayor a la que tiene un individuo que abre su propia cuenta. \u00c9ste apunta a la habilidad de los trabajadores para ahorrar para su futuro, pero los empleadores tambi\u00e9n juegan un rol importante, por lo que se les otorgan beneficios tributarios para estimular su participaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n
De esta forma, mediante la propia experiencia y con las recomendaciones extranjeras, Chile debe encontrar la mejor f\u00f3rmula para su sistema previsional, pues al igual como ocurre en el resto del mundo, se ha sumado a la carrera el envejecimiento de la poblaci\u00f3n, la que ha cambiado el ratio respecto al n\u00famero de a\u00f1os de los contribuyentes respecto del n\u00famero de a\u00f1os que se deben financiar.<\/p>\n
\u201cSi aumenta el n\u00famero de a\u00f1os que tienes que financiar, el ratio cambia y crea problemas de sostenibilidad, problemas de solvencia o problemas de suficiencia\u201d, se\u00f1al\u00f3 Antol\u00edn de la OCDE, por lo que recomend\u00f3 diversificar el sector involucrando tanto a p\u00fablicos como privados.<\/p>\n
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As part of the debate currently underway in Chile regarding efforts to improve the national pension system, the Chilean-American Chamber of Commerce (AmCham) and El Mercurio have staged the seminar \u201cChallenges for modern pension fund administrators\u201d. During the event, local and international experts put forward their respective arguments and recommendations on the issue.<\/p>\n<\/span>The President of AmCham, Kathleen Barclay, took the opportunity to review the Chilean model and to discuss ongoing efforts being made to improve the system, and in the process, the overall quality of life for the retired. Barclay reiterated that one of the biggest problems stemming from this issue, in both Chile and around the world, is the increasingly aging population. This situation has been brought about by a combination of a decreasing birth rate and a longer life expectancy. As a consequence, there are currently greater numbers of retired workers, and for longer periods of time, than there are people in employment. These phenomena are placing public pension systems in jeopardy. It is also a scenario affecting the privatized pension systems.<\/span><\/p>\nIn order to meet expectations set by the pension schemes, experts have stressed the need to save more or to save for longer. In Chile, the target replacement rate is 70%. Within this context, and during the seminar, the Minister of Labor and Social Forecast, Javiera Blanco, invited the different actors to work together in devising solutions to resolve the challenge. She also highlighted the work being done by the Bravo Commission and emphasized the need to create a state AFP for increasing coverage and competition in the sector.<\/p>\n
Chile in the OECD\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nAll pension systems have three objectives: combating poverty; redistribution, meaning the public systems are \u201cdistributive\u201d; and ensuring individuals save part of their employment earnings over the course of their life to finance their retirement.<\/p>\n
In order to achieve these objectives, the Chilean pension system is based on three pillars: the obligatory pillar (10% of earnings), the solidarity pillar (to improve the pensions of those who have \u2013 whether through gaps or evasion \u2013 made reduced contributions), and the voluntary pillar (with which the pension holder may make additional contributions to increase the funds available to them at the time of their retirement).\u00a0<\/p>\n
Different members of the OECD have different systems. For example, the United States has an individual voluntary contribution scheme; others use criteria for funding pensions via distribution (financed by contributions from individuals working today); or pension capitalization is run publicly and not privately; or there is a mixed system, as is the case in Chile.<\/p>\n
![](\"\/sites\/default\/files\/pablo.JPG\")
\u00a0Pablo Antol\u00edn Nicol\u00e1s.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nIn this context, the Principal Economist at the Private Pension Unit of the OECD, Pablo Antol\u00edn Nicol\u00e1s, highlighted the contribution or defined-contribution pension, in which the amount received by an individual is directly related to their contribution and the returns made on their savings: one of the biggest advantages. \u201cObviously, for the pension holder, it is much easier to understand a promise than to depend on the fluctuations of contributions\u201d, he said, in reference to distribution systems. However, he warned that in addition to the advantages of these systems, there are also disadvantages.<\/p>\n
\u201cThere are countries in which the replacement rates are very high, like Spain, Austria, Hungary, Italy and Turkey. This is what the systems promise, but it doesn\u2019t mean they are financially viable and, in fact, it\u2019s these countries that have financial problems in their public distribution systems\u201d, he pointed out.<\/p>\n
Regarding Chile, he stated that the voluntary coverage is not too low in relation to other OECD countries, although it is low in comparison to other obligatory systems. Nonetheless, he highlighted the performance of the pension funds, which during the 2002-2012 period have been among the best.<\/p>\n
\u201cIn the OECD, we don\u2019t say that contributions have to be 20% or 25%, we merely suggest that if someone wishes to secure a certain replacement rate or a specific pension amount, they need to calculate the necessary level of contributions over their working life in order for it to be reached.\u00a0 The question of what this rate should be, that is one for each individual country and system\u201d, he clarified.\u00a0<\/p>\n
The required reform<\/strong><\/p>\nDuring the first panel, discussions focused on the characteristics of the current pension system in Chile, including a series of recommendations made on behalf of the expert participants.<\/p>\n
\u00a0Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nThe ex-chief economist at the OECD and Director of AFP Habitat, Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, suggested a gradual increase to the contribution rate (over three years) from the current 10% to 13%. He argued that this increase should initially be covered by employers. Furthermore, he proposed a gradual increase (over seven to 14 years) to the age of retirement for men and women, with both being raised to 67. \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
In addition, the Superintendent of Pensions, Tamara Agnic noted that, \u201cthis also places greater responsibility on the employer, as there is no benefit to increasing the retirement age if there are no jobs available for older persons\u201d.<\/p>\n\u00a0Tamara Agnic.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nThe panel also discussed contribution gaps and evasion. One certainty in this area is that the failure to make contributions during certain periods will have a significant final impact on an individual\u2019s pension. This is especially the case for younger age groups.<\/p>\n
\u201cThe evasion rate is 19%, so there is a huge opportunity for improvement\u201d, stressed the President of the Association of Pension Fund Administrators, Rodrigo P\u00e9rez. He also recommended unemployment insurance for addressing the contribution gaps.<\/p>\n
In terms of profitability, Agnic highlighted the multi-funds tool, which through the provision of different investment options, diversifies risk. However, in line with the rest of the panel, she agreed that it is an incredibly difficult issue to control, and that it is not always easy to foresee movements in the market.<\/p>\n
The Superintendent stated that, \u201cproviding the freedom to choose different funds is a responsibility and contributors must be educated on the pertinent issues\u201d: a position that was shared unanimously by the panel. In this regard, the experts recommended the AFPs consider a more comprehensive system of advice, including monitoring of risk profiles of the contributors in each type of fund. In this way, users could be more informed and recommendations made as to the best fund in which to invest.\u00a0<\/p>\n
The view from the United States<\/strong><\/p>\nThe event was also attended by Gregory Burrows, Senior Vice President of Retirement and Investor Services at Principal Financial Group. Burrows was categorical in stressing that there is no better model in the world than the one in Chile. \u201cEvery country, including Chile, is seeking the right formula for retirement, but there is no magic wand\u201d, he said. He also took the chance to praise the Chilean pension system, in comparison to those of other countries, above all for its solidarity and voluntary pillars.<\/p>\n
The expert emphasized that workers should take responsibility for their own retirements, a process in which education is a key part of them understanding their role. In this regard, he claimed that savings in Chile should aim to reach 12%, 13% or 15% over a 45 year period, in order to guarantee a good retirement.<\/p>\n
He also praised the 401(k) system in the United States. Although not obligatory, it brings together 88 million US citizens and provides them with a savings rate three times that of an individual opening their own private account. This example points to the ability of workers to save for their own future, but with employers also playing an important role, as they are offered tax benefits to encourage their participation.\u00a0<\/p>\n
In this way, by means of its own experience and in conjunction with international recommendations, Chile must now devise the best possible formula for its pension system. And just like in the rest of the world, its population is also aging. This is altering the ratio of the number of contributors in regard to the amount of years they need to finance.<\/p>\n
\u201cIf the number of years one needs to finance increases, the ratio changes and problems of sustainability, solvency and proficiency arise as a result\u201d, said the OECD\u2019s Antol\u00edn. As a consequence, he recommended diversifying the sector by involving both public and private actors.<\/p>\n
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En el marco del debate que se ha iniciado en Chile en torno al sistema previsional con miras a mejorar las pensiones de todos los chilenos, la C\u00e1mara Chilena Norteamericana de Comercio (AmCham) y El Mercurio realizaron el seminario \u201cDesaf\u00edos para una moderna administraci\u00f3n de fondos previsionales\u201d, donde expertos nacionales y extranjeros entregaron su punto de vista y recomendaciones en torno al tema.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
En el marco del debate que se ha iniciado en Chile en torno al sistema previsional con miras a mejorar las pensiones de todos los chilenos, la C\u00e1mara Chilena Norteamericana de Comercio (AmCham) y El Mercurio realizaron el seminario \u201cDesaf\u00edos para una moderna administraci\u00f3n de fondos previsionales\u201d, donde expertos nacionales y extranjeros entregaron su punto de vista y recomendaciones en torno al tema.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-5287","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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