Impassioned discussions have given rise to the process of pension system reform currently underway in the country. It is impossible to imagine any other kind of discussions, given such a sensitive and important issue like pensions. The trend is growing around the world and Chile is no different. Conducting a review into pension systems is one of the tasks different governments have been undertaking for a number of years. <\/p>\n
In Chile, the latest review of the system came with the arrival of Michelle Bachelet as President on March 11, as the issue was one of her campaign commitments. Moreover, the idea of creating a state-run Pension Fund Administrator (AFP, in Chile) and the implementation of a commission of 25 national and international experts to look into its performance, were among the 50 commitments the Government proposed for its first 100 days in office.<\/p>\n
When launched in 1981 to replace a bankrupt state distribution system, the Chilean AFP model was pioneering and it has subsequently become a non-traditional national export. More than 30 countries have implemented similar models and the Chilean experience has been the subject of numerous studies by foreign universities.<\/p>\n
What the AFP model did, in practice, was to introduce pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pensions. Rather than being financed by tax payments over the course of a year, future pensions could be paid with the savings people had made during their working lives, managed and invested in their name by the AFP of their choosing.<\/p>\n
This had a number of notable advantages, not only by making pensions more sustainable, but also because the savings administered by the AFPs rose gradually. In addition, it drove the development of the capital markets and, as a result, helped boost economic growth. In fact, research compiled by the economists Vittorio Corbo and Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel concluded that 20% of GDP growth between 1982 and 2001, and 5% of GDP in 2001, was down to the pension system.<\/p>\n
However, three decades after its launch, the system is facing a different test: an increasing number of pensions are being paid out to a growing number of people. And this is where criticism has arisen. As the Christian Democratic Party member of the Chamber of Deputies, Patricio Vallesp\u00edn, who is also a member of the Chamber\u2019s Labor Committee, has said, \u201cmany people believe that when they retire, they become poor\u201d.<\/p>\n
Expectations and results<\/p>\n
This is, partly, a problem of expectations. When it was created, the system promised a replacement rate \u2013 the pension received by the worker as a percentage of their pre-retirement income \u2013 of 70%. And, although figures vary depending on the source, this does not appearing to be happening.<\/p>\n
According to Pensions at a Glance 2013, a report compiled by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the replacement rate for someone with an average income in Chile is 54.1% for men (and only 44.1% for women), compared to the OECD average of 65.8% for men and 65% for women. However, the report states that Chile outperforms countries like the United States (47.3%), the United Kingdom (41.8%) and Mexico (31.5%) in this area.<\/p>\n
And this is not because lies were spread when the system was created. The problem is twofold: things have changed over the last 30 years and some of the assumptions on which the figure of 70% was based have not been fulfilled. As Chile has developed, average life expectancy has increased to its current rate of 78.5 years, compared to 70.7 years at the beginning of the 1980s. This means that the same amount of savings has to last for almost ten years more.<\/p>\n
With development, wages have also risen \u2013 there has been a 12% increase in the last four years alone. This has raised expectations among retirees about their pensions \u2013 after all, they would like to be able to preserve their standard of living post-retirement. Unfortunately, a pension is fundamentally shaped by the payments made during the first stage of a person\u2019s working life, when their income is lower but they are still paying in to their AFP. <\/p>\n
A state-run AFP: the doubts<\/p>\n
On June 16, President Bachelet signed the bill to create a state-run AFP, which will be discussed in the first instance by the Labor Committee of the Chamber of Deputies. The President stated at the time that the initiative would seek to increase competition within the sector. She also said that, \u201cthe AFPs must work hard to reduce their administrative costs, improve the quality of service and increase the benefits for their members\u201d. She argued that the state-run AFP would focus on people that are not the priority for the private fund administrators: the self-employed, lower income workers and those living and working in areas located far from urban centers.<\/p>\n
However, there are many critics of this project. Those in opposition to pension fund administrators in general claim that the state-run AFP would validate and perpetuate the current system. On the other side, it is argued that the initiative will not resolve the underlying issues: the amount of the final pension. Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel has indicated that the only way for the state-run AFP to offer increased rates of return and better services than the private sector, is for it to receive subsidies from the State, which would itself displace the private competition. The National Renewal Deputy, Cristi\u00e1n Monckeberg, argues that it is contradictory to introduce the bill before the conclusions of the Presidential Advisory Committee on the pension system are known.<\/p>\n
Three decades after its launch, the pension system is facing a different test: an increasing number of pensions are being paid out to a growing number of people.<\/p>\n
Also, it was originally presumed that people would be paying into their AFPs constantly during a working life of 40 years. And, for different reasons, this has not happened. According to a 2012 study by the Undersecretary of Social Services, men pay into the pension system for an average of 21.8 years and women just 15.4 years. This reflects different factors like periods of unemployment or self-employment \u2013 only recently has it become mandatory for self-employed workers to make payments \u2013 and, in the case of women, absence from the labor market due to maternity or other family reasons.<\/p>\n
Where the system has not disappointed is the return on the savings for its members. Initially, an average annual return rate of 4% was calculated, but since 1981, this has reached an average of 8%. This, according to Rodrigo P\u00e9rez Mackenna, President of the Association of AFPs, ranks it among the three most profitable pension systems in the world. Nowadays, he says, of every CLP$10 a worker pays into to his or her pension, CLP$7 relates to profitability and CLP$3 to capital contribution.<\/p>\n
And the fees charged by the industry \u2013 which include the cost of disability and critical illness insurance purchased by the AFP in the name of their members \u2013 have fallen significantly. This is the result of the introduction in 2009 of an auction system for the administration of the savings of new contributors entering the market over the subsequent two year period. Starting in August, following the third auction process, they could vary from between 1.54% and 0.47% of the amount paid in, compared to 2.36% and 1.36% before the first auction process was held.<\/p>\n
According to a 2012 study by the Undersecretary of Social Services, men pay into the pension system for an average of 21.8 years and women just 15.4 years.<\/p>\n
The positions<\/p>\n
Opinions heard by the Presidential Advisory Committee, which is presided over by the economist from the Catholic University, David Bravo, have been diverse, including the AFPs, academics, research centers and trade organizations. Some have suggested a return to the old PAYGO system. This is, for example, the position of the Unified Center of Workers (CUT) trade union, which calls for a new solidarity distribution model with a guaranteed replacement rate of 70%.<\/p>\n
However, beyond the different proposals, there is considerable consensus on the need for the pension system to update the parameters on which it was created, bringing it in line with the current reality. The National Renewal Deputy, Cristi\u00e1n Monckeberg, a member of the Chamber of Deputies\u2019 Labor Committee, believes that one of the strengths of the Chilean system is that members are owners of their retirement, and that pensions are not dependent on State decisions; but the Congressman agrees that the system could be improved.<\/p>\n
A clear theme to have emerged in the Presidential Advisory Committee is the amount which, by law, members must pay into their pension scheme every month, which is currently fixed at 10% of their income and up to a limit of approximately CLP$1.7 million. This percentage is among the lowest in the OECD and there is general consensus on the need for it to be raised.<\/p>\n
The Catholic University economist and Director of AFP Habitat, Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, for example, has proposed a gradual increase over three years to 13%, including a payment being made by employers. The fact that the fees charged by the AFPs have fallen in recent years has created room for an increase, he has said, although he does recognize that this could have a slightly negative impact on formal employment.<\/p>\n
This is in line with the conclusions reached in the OECD report, Pensions at a Glance 2013. This study concluded that to ensure it meets the average replacement rate of member countries, Chile would have to increase worker payments by 3.3% if people contribute constantly for 40 years, by 4.6% if they have a ten year \u201cgap\u201d, and by 7% if they have a 20 year \u201cgap\u201d.<\/p>\n
Another issue to have emerged is the age of retirement. The ex-Superintendent of Pensions, Solange Berstein, has suggested a gradual increase in the retirement age of women to 65, up from the current 60, while Schmidt-Hebbel went farther and recommended an increase to 67, for both men, for whom the current age is 65, and women.<\/p>\n
However, the impact of this measure is less clear, because apart from the internal politics that could arise in many businesses and institutions as a result, retirement at the legal age is not mandatory and, in practice, many Chileans keep working beyond it. In fact, according to the OECD, men stop working on average at 69.4 years old and women at 70.4 (which represents the second largest difference with respect to the legal age in the OECD, after a discrepancy of 11.1 years for men in South Korea).<\/p>\n
The Presidential Advisory Committee has until October to reach its conclusions and until January 2015 to present its recommendations to the President. Additional adjustments to the system\u2019s parameters may be made along the way.<\/p>\n
However, whatever these conclusions may be \u2013 and they will not be binding for the Government \u2013 it is clear that, as the population ages, pensions paid out by the Chilean AFPs will be an increasingly prominent social and political issue which, due to the spending power of a growing number of pensioners, will also have important economic implications.<\/p>\n
The private sector opinion (p10)<\/p>\n
One area of agreement between V\u00edctor Hassi, President of ProVida AFP, and Pedro Atria, Country Head of Principal Group Chile, it is that one of the major problems facing the sector is that current levels of pension savings are insufficient. There are also other factors, like the lack of understanding about how the system works, evasion, the higher life expectancy of Chileans and a lack of awareness of the importance of saving for a pension.<\/p>\n
As such, the major challenge, according to Hassi, is \u201chow retirement savings can be increased to improve pensions\u201d. Among the proposals, he mentions \u201cincreasing the payment rate gradually together with contributions from employers; generating incentives to enable people to delay their pension uptake and to keep on making payments, if they so desire; and establishing a technical mechanism which allows the parameters of the system to be permanently updated\u201d.<\/p>\n
Similarly, Pedro Atira says the biggest challenge facing the Chilean pension system \u201cis providing better pensions\u201d which is \u201curgent and a priority\u201d. He notes that the only sustainable way of bringing about suitable pensions is to increase the volume of people\u2019s savings, both obligatory and voluntary; that businesses also make contributions; and that the State provides financing for people who are unable to save. In addition, he claims it is necessary for people to be aware of the importance of saving for their pension. \u201cSo our proposals are based on three key pillars: the voluntary payment pillar, the obligatory payment pillar and education\u201d, he says. Among his concrete proposals is the creation of a Collective AFP.<\/p>\n
The state-run AFP \u2013 a solution?<\/p>\n
In light of the Government proposal to create a state-run AFP, Hassi says that competition is always good, and, as such, it is crucial that this new institution \u201ccompetes under the same rules of the game\u201d. Nonetheless, he believes that the \u201ccreation of state-run AFP doesn\u2019t solve the most important problem of today, which is how to increase savings to improve pensions. And this is something that the Government itself has raised\u201d.<\/p>\n
According to Atria, this \u201cisn\u2019t part of the solution. We don\u2019t think it will help improve pensions, and without subsidies, it won\u2019t improve prices either. What is important is for it to compete equally, and the current bill does not place the state-run AFP on an equal footing with the rest of the AFPs\u201d.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Discusiones apasionadas despierta el proceso de reforma al sistema previsional que ya est\u00e1 en marcha. Imposible esperar algo distinto de un tema tan sensible e importante como las pensiones. La tendencia es creciente en el mundo y Chile no escapa a ella. La revisi\u00f3n de los sistemas de pensiones es una de las tareas que diversos gobiernos est\u00e1n llevando a cabo desde hace varios a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n
En Chile, el nuevo examen al sistema lleg\u00f3 de la mano del Gobierno de la presidenta Michelle Bachelet el 11 de marzo pasado. El tema era parte de sus compromisos de campa\u00f1a. Es m\u00e1s, el proyecto de creaci\u00f3n de una Administradora de Fondos de Pensiones (AFP) estatal y la creaci\u00f3n de una comisi\u00f3n de 25 expertos locales e internacionales para estudiar el desempe\u00f1o del sistema fueron incluidos dentro de los 50 compromisos que el Gobierno se propuso cumplir durante sus primeros 100 d\u00edas.<\/p>\n
Cuando se lanz\u00f3 en 1981 para sustituir a un sistema de reparto estatal en quiebra, el sistema de AFP de Chile fue pionero en su rubro y se ha transformado
en una exportaci\u00f3n no tradicional. M\u00e1s de 30 pa\u00edses han implementado uno similar y la experiencia chilena ha sido objeto de estudios en diversas universidades extranjeras. <\/p>\n
Lo que el modelo de AFP hizo, en la pr\u00e1ctica, fue la introducci\u00f3n de las pensiones de prepago. En lugar de ser financiadas con los ingresos tributarios
del a\u00f1o en curso, las pensiones podr\u00edan en el futuro ser pagadas con los ahorros que las personas hab\u00edan acumulado durante su vida laboral, gestionados e invertidos en su nombre por la AFP de su elecci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n
Ello ten\u00eda un n\u00famero de ventajas importantes. No s\u00f3lo aument\u00f3 la sostenibilidad de las pensiones, si no que como los ahorros administrados por las AFP Pero, tres d\u00e9cadas despu\u00e9s de su lanzamiento, el sistema se est\u00e1 enfrentando a una prueba diferente: el monto de las pensiones que est\u00e1 pagando es cada vez a un mayor n\u00famero de personas. Y es por ah\u00ed donde ha sido objeto de cr\u00edticas. Como dice el diputado de la Democracia Cristiana, Patricio Vallesp\u00edn, integrante de la Comisi\u00f3n de Trabajo de la C\u00e1mara de Diputados, \u201cmucha gente siente que cuando jubila se empobrece\u201d.<\/p>\n Expectativas y resultados<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/strong>\u00c9ste es, parcialmente, un problema de expectativas. Cuando fue creado, el sistema prometi\u00f3 una tasa de reemplazo -la pensi\u00f3n que recibe una persona como porcentaje de sus \u00faltimas rentas- de un <\/span>70%. Y, aunque las cifras var\u00edan dependiendo <\/span>de la fuente, eso parece no estar <\/span>ocurriendo.<\/span><\/p>\n De acuerdo a Pensions at a Glance 2013, un informe elaborado por la Organizaci\u00f3n para la Cooperaci\u00f3n y el Desarrollo Econ\u00f3micos (OCDE), la tasa de reemplazo para una persona de ingreso medio en <\/span>Chile es 54,1% en el caso de los hombres <\/span>(y solamente 44,1% para las mujeres), <\/span>comparado con el promedio de la OCDE <\/span>de 65,8% para los hombres y 65% para <\/span>las mujeres. Pero, seg\u00fan el informe, Chile <\/span>supera a pa\u00edses como Estados Unidos <\/span>(47,3%), Reino Unido (41,8%) y M\u00e9xico <\/span>(31,5%).<\/span><\/p>\n Y no es que se minti\u00f3 cuando se cre\u00f3 el sistema. El problema es doble: hay cosas que han cambiado en 30 a\u00f1os y algunos de los supuestos en que se bas\u00f3 Con el desarrollo, los salarios tambi\u00e9n han aumentado -s\u00f3lo en los \u00faltimos cuatro a\u00f1os, ha habido un incremento real de 12%-. Eso ha elevado las expectativas de los jubilados en relaci\u00f3n a sus pensiones -despu\u00e9s de todo, ellos quieren mantener su nivel de vida-, pero por desgracia, una pensi\u00f3n se determina fundamentalmente por los aportes en la primera etapa de la vida laboral de una persona, cuando sus ingresos fueron menores, al igual que lo Tambi\u00e9n se supuso que las personas contribuir\u00edan a su AFP constantemente durante una vida laboral de 40 a\u00f1os. Y, por diversas razones, no ha sido as\u00ed. Donde el sistema no ha defraudado es en el retorno que ha logrado para los ahorros de sus afiliados. Inicialmente, se calcul\u00f3 un retorno promedio de 4% Y las comisiones que cobra la industria -que incluye el costo de un seguro de invalidez y sobrevivencia que las AFP compran en nombre de sus afiliados- han bajado significativamente desde la introducci\u00f3n en 2009 de un sistema de subasta para la <\/span>administraci\u00f3n de los ahorros de nuevos <\/span>contribuyentes que entrar\u00e1n al mercado <\/span>durante los siguientes dos a\u00f1os. A partir <\/span>de agosto, despu\u00e9s de la tercera subasta, <\/span>var\u00edan de 1,54% a 0,47% del monto <\/span>aportado, comparado con 2,36% a 1,36% <\/span>antes de la primera subasta.<\/span><\/p>\n Las posiciones Sin embargo, m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de las diferentes propuestas, hay bastante consenso en cuanto a que es necesario que el sistema de pensiones actualice los par\u00e1metros con los cuales fue creado para alinearlos con la realidad actual. Para el diputado de <\/span>Renovaci\u00f3n Nacional, Cristi\u00e1n Monckeberg, <\/span>miembro de la Comisi\u00f3n de Trabajo <\/span>de la C\u00e1mara, una de las fortalezas del <\/span>sistema chileno es que los afiliados son <\/span>due\u00f1os de su jubilaci\u00f3n y las pensiones no <\/span>dependen de decisiones del Estado; pero <\/span>el parlamentario sostiene que el sistema <\/span>se puede mejorar.<\/span><\/p>\n Un tema que ha emergido claramente en la comisi\u00f3n es el monto que, por ley, los afiliados tienen que depositar en su cuenta de ahorro cada mes, actualmente fijado en 10% de sus ingresos hasta un tope de aproximadamente $1,7 millones. Este porcentaje est\u00e1 entre los m\u00e1s bajos en la OCDE y parece haber consenso en que deber\u00eda subir. <\/p>\n El economista de la Universidad Cat\u00f3lica y director de AFP Habitat, Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, por ejemplo, propuso un aumento gradual a trav\u00e9s de tres a\u00f1os a Eso est\u00e1 en l\u00ednea con las conclusiones de la OCDE en su informe, Pensions at a Glance 2013. \u00c9ste determin\u00f3 que para lograr la tasa de reemplazo promedio de los pa\u00edses que la integran, Chile tendr\u00eda que aumentar las cotizaciones en 3,3 puntos porcentuales si la gente aporta constantemente Otro tema que ha acaparado la atenci\u00f3n es la edad de jubilaci\u00f3n. La ex Superintendenta de Pensiones, Solange Berstein, propuso aumentar gradualmente Sin embargo, el impacto de tal medida es menos claro, ya que aparte de las pol\u00edticas internas que puedan tener empresas e instituciones, la jubilaci\u00f3n a la edad legal no es obligatoria y, en la pr\u00e1ctica, muchos chilenos siguen trabajando. De hecho, de acuerdo a la OCDE, los hombres dejan de trabajar en promedio a los 69,4 a\u00f1os y las mujeres a los 70,4 a\u00f1os (lo que representa la mayor diferencia con respecto a la edad legal en la OCDE, despu\u00e9s de una diferencia de 11,1 a\u00f1os para los hombres en Corea del Sur).<\/p>\n La Comisi\u00f3n Asesora presidencial tiene hasta octubre pr\u00f3ximo para presentar su diagn\u00f3stico y hasta enero de 2015 para entregar a la presidenta sus recomendaciones, y puede tambi\u00e9n sugerir otros ajustes a los par\u00e1metros del sistema. Sin embargo, cualesquiera que sean sus conclusiones -no ser\u00e1n vinculantes para el Gobierno- es evidente que, a medida que la poblaci\u00f3n envejece, las pensiones pagadas por las AFP de Chile ser\u00e1n un tema social y pol\u00edtico cada vez m\u00e1s prominente que -a trav\u00e9s de la capacidad de gasto de un cada vez mayor n\u00famero de pensionados- tambi\u00e9n tendr\u00e1 importantes implicaciones econ\u00f3micas.<\/p>\n AFP estatal: las dudas<\/strong><\/p>\n El 16 de junio pasado, la presidenta Bachelet firm\u00f3 el proyecto de ley que crea una AFP estatal y que deber\u00e1 ser discutido en una primera instancia en Sin embargo, no son pocos los que han criticado el proyecto. Quienes est\u00e1n en contra de las administradoras de fondos de pensiones en general, se\u00f1alan En tanto, el diputado de Renovaci\u00f3n Nacional, Cristi\u00e1n Monckeberg, sostiene que es un contrasentido enviar el proyecto de ley sin antes conocer las conclusiones a las que llegar\u00e1 la Comisi\u00f3n Asesora Presidencial sobre el sistema de pensiones.<\/p>\n La opini\u00f3n del sector privado<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/strong>Si en algo coinciden V\u00edctor Hassi, presidente de ProVida AFP, y Pedro Atria, country head de Principal Group Chile, es que uno de los grandes problemas Por ello, el gran desaf\u00edo, puntualiza Hassi, es \u201cc\u00f3mo aumentamos el ahorro previsional para mejorar las pensiones\u201d. Entre las propuestas para mejorarlas, En esta misma l\u00ednea, Pedro Atria, se\u00f1ala que el gran desaf\u00edo que tiene el sistema previsional chileno \u201ces entregar mejores pensiones, esto es urgente y prioritario\u201d. Comenta que la \u00fanica forma sustentable de lograr pensiones adecuadas es aumentar el volumen de ahorro -obligatorio y voluntario- de las Junto con ello, indica que es necesario que las personas tomen conciencia de la <\/span>necesidad de ahorrar para su pensi\u00f3n. <\/span>\u201cNuestras propuestas entonces apuntan <\/span>a tres ejes fundamentales: el pilar contributivo <\/span>voluntario, el pilar contributivo <\/span>obligatorio y a la educaci\u00f3n\u201d, expresa <\/span>Atria. Entre sus propuestas concretas, <\/span>est\u00e1 la creaci\u00f3n de un APV Colectivo. <\/span><\/p>\n <\/span>APF estatal, \u00bfuna soluci\u00f3n? <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n <\/span><\/strong>Frente a la propuesta del Gobierno de <\/span>crear una AFP estatal, Hassi expresa <\/span>que la competencia siempre es buena <\/span>y, por ello, es crucial que \u00e9sta \u201ccompita <\/span>con las mismas reglas del juego\u201d. No <\/span>obstante, sostiene que la \u201ccreaci\u00f3n de <\/span>una AFP estatal no responde al problema <\/span>m\u00e1s importante que tenemos hoy <\/span>y que es c\u00f3mo aumentamos el ahorro <\/span>para mejorar las pensiones. Y eso es <\/span>algo que el mismo Gobierno tambi\u00e9n <\/span>ha planteado\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n Para Atria, \u00e9sta \u201cno es parte de la soluci\u00f3n. No creemos que ayudar\u00e1 a mejorar las pensiones y si no tiene subsidios, tampoco mejorar\u00e1 los precios. Es importante eso s\u00ed, que compita en igualdad de condiciones, y el proyecto de ley tal como est\u00e1 no deja a la AFP estatal en igualdad de condiciones con el resto de las AFP\u201d.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" <\/p>\n Impassioned discussions have given rise to the process of pension system reform currently underway in the country. It is impossible to imagine any other kind of discussions, given such a sensitive and important issue like pensions. The trend is growing around the world and Chile is no different. Conducting a review into pension systems is one of the tasks different governments have been undertaking for a number of years. <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Impassioned discussions have given rise to the process of pension system reform currently underway in the country. It is impossible to imagine any other kind of discussions, given such a sensitive and important issue like pensions. The trend is growing around the world and Chile is no different. Conducting a review into pension systems is one of the tasks different governments have been undertaking for a number of years. <\/p>\n Discusiones apasionadas despierta el proceso de reforma al sistema previsional que ya est\u00e1 en marcha. Imposible esperar algo distinto de un tema tan sensible e importante como las pensiones. La tendencia es creciente en el mundo y Chile no escapa a ella. La revisi\u00f3n de los sistemas de pensiones es una de las tareas que diversos gobiernos est\u00e1n llevando a cabo desde hace varios a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-5264","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
aumentaron gradualmente, se impuls\u00f3 el desarrollo del mercado de capitales y, de esta forma, se contribuy\u00f3 al crecimiento <\/span>econ\u00f3mico. De hecho, un estudio realizado <\/span>por los economistas Vittorio Corbo y Klaus <\/span>Schmidt-Hebbel, concluy\u00f3 que 20% del <\/span>crecimiento del PIB entre 1982-2001 y un <\/span>5% del nivel del PIB en 2001, se debi\u00f3 al <\/span>sistema de pensiones.<\/span><\/p>\n
la promesa de 70% no se han cumplido. Primero, est\u00e1 la expectativa de vida. En la medida que Chile ha progresado en su desarrollo, la expectativa de vida de su poblaci\u00f3n ha aumentado y ahora alcanza alrededor de 78,5 a\u00f1os comparado con los 70,7 a\u00f1os de principios de la d\u00e9cada de los 80. O sea, los mismos ahorros se tienen que estirar casi diez a\u00f1os m\u00e1s.<\/p>\n
que estaba pagando en su AFP. <\/p>\n
De acuerdo a un estudio de la Subsecretar\u00eda de Previsi\u00f3n Social en 2012, los hombres hab\u00edan aportado al sistema de pensiones en promedio durante 21,8 a\u00f1os y las mujeres solamente 15,4 a\u00f1os. <\/span>Eso refleja factores que incluyen per\u00edodos <\/span>de desempleo o trabajos independientes <\/span>-s\u00f3lo recientemente se ha obligado a cotizar <\/span>a los trabajadores independientes- y, <\/span>en el caso de las mujeres, ausencias del <\/span>mercado laboral por maternidad u otras <\/span>razones familiares.<\/span><\/p>\n
anual, pero desde 1981, ha promediado alrededor de 8%, lo que de acuerdo a Rodrigo P\u00e9rez Mackenna, presidente de la Asociaci\u00f3n de AFP, lo sit\u00faa entre los tres sistemas de pensiones m\u00e1s rentables del mundo. Hoy, dice, de cada $10 que recibe un trabajador que se pensiona, $7, corresponden a rentabilidad y $3, a aporte de capital.<\/p>\n
<\/strong>
Las visiones expuestas ante la Comisi\u00f3n Asesora Presidencial, encabezada por el economista de la Universidad Cat\u00f3lica, David Bravo, han sido diversas y han incluido a las AFP, acad\u00e9micos, centros de estudios y gremios. Algunos han sugerido volver al antiguo sistema de reparto. Esa es, por ejemplo, la postura de la Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (CUT), que aboga por un nuevo modelo de reparto solidario y una tasa de reemplazo garantizada de 70%.<\/p>\n
13%, incluyendo un aporte del empleador. El hecho que las comisiones que cobran las AFP han bajado en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os ha creado espacio para un aumento, dijo, aunque reconoci\u00f3 que podr\u00eda tener un peque\u00f1o impacto negativo en el empleo formal.<\/p>\n
por 40 a\u00f1os, y en 4,6 puntos si tiene una \u201claguna\u201d de 10 a\u00f1os y, en 7 puntos si tiene una \u201claguna\u201d de 20 a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n
la edad de jubilaci\u00f3n de las mujeres a 65 a\u00f1os, desde los actuales 60 a\u00f1os, mientras Schmidt-Hebbel fue m\u00e1s all\u00e1 y recomend\u00f3 un aumento a 67 a\u00f1os, tanto
para hombres -actualmente en 65 a\u00f1oscomo mujeres.<\/p>\n
la Comisi\u00f3n de Trabajo de la C\u00e1mara de Diputados. La mandataria se\u00f1al\u00f3 en ese momento que la iniciativa busca dar mayor competencia al sector. \u201cLas
AFP tendr\u00e1n que esforzarse en reducir sus costos de administraci\u00f3n, mejorar la calidad de servicio y aumentar los beneficios para sus afiliados\u201d, sostuvo
la mandataria y argument\u00f3 que la AFP estatal se har\u00eda cargo de las personas que hoy no son prioritarias para las administradoras: trabajadores independientes, las de menores rentas y quienes viven y trabajan en sectores alejados de las grandes urbes.<\/p>\n
que la creaci\u00f3n de la AFP estatal valida y eterniza el sistema. Desde la otra vereda, sostienen que no solucionar\u00e1 el tema de fondo: el monto de las pensiones. Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel ha se\u00f1alado que la \u00fanica forma que la AFP estatal ofrezca mayores tasas de rentabilidad y mejores servicios que los de la competencia privada, es recibiendo subsidios del Estado, lo que desplazar\u00eda la competencia privada.<\/p>\n
del sector es que los actuales niveles de ahorro previsional son insuficientes. A ello, se suman otros factores como el desconocimiento de c\u00f3mo opera el
sistema, la evasi\u00f3n, la mayor expectativa de vida de los chilenos y la falta de toma de conciencia de la importancia del ahorro previsional.<\/p>\n
menciona \u201cincrementar la tasa de cotizaci\u00f3n de manera gradual y con cargo al empleador; generar incentivos que permitan a las personas que as\u00ed lo quieran,
retrasar su pensi\u00f3n y seguir cotizando, y establecer un mecanismo t\u00e9cnico que permita actualizar permanentemente los par\u00e1metros del sistema\u201d.<\/p>\n
personas; que las empresas tambi\u00e9n contribuyan, y que el Estado financie a quienes no tienen capacidad de ahorro\u201d.<\/p>\n