{"id":4883,"date":"2012-09-25T17:45:22","date_gmt":"2012-09-25T20:45:22","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-03-06T11:17:28","modified_gmt":"2015-03-06T14:17:28","slug":"sequia-en-australia","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/sequia-en-australia\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->Sequ\u00eda en Australia <!--:--><!--:en-->Drying up Down Under<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Australia y Chile comparten m\u00e1s que una larga costa en el oc\u00e9ano Pac\u00edfico; ambas naciones est\u00e1n luchando para lidiar con las consecuencias de una severa sequ\u00eda. En la \u00faltima d\u00e9cada, Australia -el continente habitado m\u00e1s seco del mundo- ha sufrido uno de los peores per\u00edodos de sequ\u00eda de su historia, lo que ha afectado las cosechas, el turismo y el crecimiento econ\u00f3mico. A medida que el cambio clim\u00e1tico y la creciente demanda ejercen m\u00e1s presi\u00f3n sobre los recursos, se estima que esta situaci\u00f3n empeorar\u00e1 en los pr\u00f3ximos a\u00f1os. Sin embargo, tras una serie de reformas en la d\u00e9cada de los 90, Australia se ha convertido en un modelo para la gesti\u00f3n global de agua gracias, en parte, a la creaci\u00f3n de un mercado de derechos temporales de agua que ha ayudado a asignar agua donde m\u00e1s se necesita.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El 28 de septiembre, el doctor Mike Young, experto en pol\u00edticas de agua y director del Instituto del Medio Ambiente de la Universidad de Adelaide, est\u00e1 invitado a presentar una charla en la Universidad del Desarrollo en Santiago. Antes de su visita, convers\u00f3 con <em>bUSiness Chile<\/em> sobre la experiencia de Australia y las lecciones que Chile puede sacar de ella.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Durante la reciente sequ\u00eda en Australia, \u00bfc\u00f3mo ha logrado la naci\u00f3n asegurar los suministros de agua para las ciudades, las industrias y los agricultores, y qu\u00e9 puede aprender Chile de esto?<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La mayor lecci\u00f3n que surge de las recientes sequ\u00edas de Australia es la importancia de lo que denominamos el mercado temporal del agua. En Australia, existen dos mercados de agua paralelos. Hay un mercado permanente, donde las personas compran y venden sus participaciones de largo plazo o derechos para acceder al agua, y hay un mercado temporal, donde la gente negocia vol\u00famenes de agua sobre una base diaria. Durante nuestras recientes sequ\u00edas, la posibilidad de comerciar temporalmente agua de una locaci\u00f3n a otra redujo de manera significativa el impacto adverso de la sequ\u00eda.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Chile es rico en recursos h\u00eddricos, pero -tal como en el caso de Australia- sufre por su desigual distribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica. \u00bfQu\u00e9 ha hecho Australia para superar este problema?<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Australia ha invertido en grandes embalses de almacenamiento y en el desarrollo de mercados de agua. Una innovaci\u00f3n reciente ha sido el desarrollo de acuerdos que permiten a los usuarios de agua decidir traspasar agua no utilizada de un a\u00f1o al siguiente. Si hay espacio en el embalse, el usuario de agua puede decidir dejar \u201csu\u201d agua en el embase en el entendido de que si el embalse se llena, su agua ser\u00e1 la primera en regarse.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Australia ha invertido en plantas de desalinizaci\u00f3n que consumen mucha energ\u00eda para suministrar agua a importantes \u00e1reas urbanas<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><strong> \u00bfSon estas una soluci\u00f3n para Chile o son una p\u00e9rdida de dinero como sostienen algunos cr\u00edticos?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La experiencia australiana muestra que la desalinizaci\u00f3n es una fuente de agua costosa, pero muy confiable. La pregunta m\u00e1s bien es cu\u00e1nto invertir en esta fuente que si invertir o no. Con excepci\u00f3n de Darwin, todas nuestras ciudades en el continente han recurrido al suministro de desalinizaci\u00f3n. Varias empresas mineras tambi\u00e9n est\u00e1n analizando la opci\u00f3n, a\u00fan cuando es costosa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00bfC\u00f3mo evaluar\u00eda el \u00e9xito del sistema de derechos de agua de Chile comparado con el de Australia? <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Supongo que en algunas regiones nuestros mercados son mejores que los de ustedes y, en otros casos, es al rev\u00e9s. Dicho esto, Australia ha hecho un fuerte compromiso para separar su sistema de entrega de licencias de agua de modo que los costos de transacci\u00f3n sean tan bajos como sea posible. Separar implica reemplazar el derecho de una propiedad individual en partes. Cada parte se trata con una serie de derechos, asignaciones y acuerdos de permiso de modo que las negociaciones puedan finalizarse r\u00e1pidamente.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Los cr\u00edticos del sistema de derechos de agua de Chile afirman que concentra los derechos en manos de unos pocos, \u00bftiene Australia problemas similares?\u00bfC\u00f3mo ha lidiado con ellos? <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hasta ahora, estos problemas no han surgido en Australia. En particular, la concentraci\u00f3n en unas pocas manos no se ha convertido en un problema.&nbsp; <strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00bfQu\u00e9 papel desempe\u00f1an los mercados de agua en lograr la gesti\u00f3n sustentable del agua y c\u00f3mo se pueden hacer m\u00e1s eficientes en Chile? <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tengo muchas ganas de aprender m\u00e1s de las modalidades empleadas en Chile. Pas\u00e9 los \u00faltimos tres meses en Reino Unido trabajando en opciones para la transferencia de la experiencia australiana a Inglaterra y Gales. Lo que espero es que la experiencia australiana sea igualmente aplicable a Chile, pero necesitar\u00eda considerables modificaciones. Entre otras cosas, es clave que cada componente en un sistema separado sea definido con integridad hidrol\u00f3gica y que los derechos se definan como participaciones en la cantidad de agua que se puede extraer en cualquier momento.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>En Chile, los derechos de agua no est\u00e1n vinculados al terreno o al uso. \u00bfDeber\u00edan estar vinculados al uso? \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 o por qu\u00e9 no?<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En Australia, hemos tenido mucho cuidado en asegurar que los derechos no est\u00e9n vinculados al terreno o al uso. Esto ha aumentado la innovaci\u00f3n y promovido cambios en la forma en que se usa y se mantiene el agua. Como ya he enfatizado, es posible hacer esto si y s\u00f3lo si el dise\u00f1o del sistema administrativo empleado permite que se produzcan cambios.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>En Chile la falta de informaci\u00f3n sobre qui\u00e9n posee qu\u00e9 derecho a menudo causa confusi\u00f3n para los agricultores e inversionistas. \u00bfCu\u00e1n importante es para los mercados de agua contar con un sistema claro de informaci\u00f3n p\u00fablica? <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Australia est\u00e1 avanzando hacia un r\u00e9gimen en donde los registros de derechos de agua son de acceso p\u00fablico, tal como son los de tierra. Tambi\u00e9n estamos trabajando fuertemente para hacer que haya informaci\u00f3n disponible de manera oportuna sobre los precios pagados. Entre otras cosas, ahora tenemos mucho cuidado para hacer anuncios de pol\u00edtica de una manera que no aliente la negociaci\u00f3n con informaci\u00f3n privilegiada.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00bfQu\u00e9 pueden hacer pa\u00edses como Chile y Australia para mitigar el impacto del cambio clim\u00e1tico en los suministros de agua dulce?<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La primera pol\u00edtica de cambio que siempre hago es avanzar hacia un r\u00e9gimen en donde los derechos se definan como un derecho a una participaci\u00f3n de la cantidad [de agua] que se puede usar de manera sustentable.<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>El agua est\u00e1 investida de un significado cultural y simb\u00f3lico en las sociedades ind\u00edgenas. \u00bfQu\u00e9 pueden aprender Chile y otros pa\u00edses de los abor\u00edgenes de Australia en t\u00e9rminos de gesti\u00f3n de agua?<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">No creo que Australia ya lo haya resuelto esto. Todav\u00eda estamos buscando la mejor manera de involucrar a los pueblos abor\u00edgenes en las muchas propuestas pol\u00edticas que usamos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00bfCu\u00e1l ser\u00e1 el enfoque de su participaci\u00f3n en el seminario que se realizar\u00e1 en la Universidad del Desarrollo a fines de este mes? <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Adem\u00e1s de todas las ideas ya mencionadas, tambi\u00e9n llamar\u00e9 la atenci\u00f3n sobre la forma en que la escasez de agua alrededor del mundo est\u00e1 cambiando las oportunidades para negociar productos de riego. Chile, como Australia, est\u00e1 bien posicionado para beneficiarse de estos desarrollos.<\/p>\n<p><!--:--><!--:en--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Australia and Chile share more than a long Pacific coastline; they are both struggling to cope with the consequences of severe drought. In the last decade, Australia, the world\u2019s driest inhabited continent, has suffered one of the worst dry spells in its history, affecting crops, tourism and economic growth. As climate change and rising demand put added pressure on resources, this situation is expected to worsen in the coming years. However, after a series of reforms in the 1990s, Australia has become a model for global water management thanks, in part, to the creation of a market for temporary water rights that has helped to allocate water where it is needed most.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">On September 28, Dr. Mike Young, an expert in water policy and director of the Environment Institute at the University of Adelaide, is invited to speak at Santiago\u2019s Universidad del Desarrollo. Ahead of his visit, he spoke to <em>bUSiness Chile<\/em> about Australia\u2019s experience and the lessons Chile can draw from it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>During Australia\u2019s recent drought, how has it managed to ensure water supplies for cities, industries and farmers and what can Chile learn from this?<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The biggest lesson emerging from Australia\u2019s recent droughts is the importance of what we call the temporary water market. In Australia, two water markets exist side by side. There is a permanent market where people buy and sell their long term share or entitlement to access water and there is a temporary market where people trade volumes of water on a daily basis. During our recent droughts, the possibility to temporarily trade water from one location to another significantly reduced the adverse impact of the drought.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Chile is rich in water resources but, like Australia, it suffers from their uneven geographical distribution. What has Australia done to overcome this problem?<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Australia has invested in large storage dams and in the development of water markets. A recent innovation has been the development of arrangements that enable water users to decide to carry-forward unused water from one year to the next.&nbsp; If there is space in the dam, a water user can decide to leave \u201ctheir\u201d water in a dam on the understanding that if the dam fills up, their water will be the first to spill.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Australia has invested in energy-intensive desalination plants to supply water to major urban areas. Are these a solution for Chile or are they a waste of money as some critics argue?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Australian experience is that desalination is an expensive but very reliable source of water. The question is more one of how much to invest in this source rather than whether or not to invest. With the exception of Darwin,, all our mainland cities have gone down the desalination supply pathway. Several mining companies are also looking at the option \u2013 even though it is expensive.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>How would you evaluate the success of Chile\u2019s water rights system compared to Australia\u2019s? <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">My guess is that in some regions our markets are better than yours and, in other cases, the reverse occurs. That said, Australia has made a strong commitment to unbundling its water licensing system so that transaction costs are as low as possible. Unbundling involves the replacement of a single property right into its component parts. Each part is dealt with a suite of entitlements, allocations and permitting arrangements so that trades can be completed quickly.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Critics of Chile\u2019s water rights system say it concentrates the rights in a few hands, does Australia have similar problems and how was it dealt with them? <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">So far, these problems have not arisen in Australia.&nbsp; In particular, concentration in a few hands has not become a problem.&nbsp; <strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>What is the role of water markets in achieving sustainable water management and how can they be made more efficient in Chile? <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">I am looking forward to learning more about the arrangements used in Chile. I have spent the last three months in the United Kingdom working on options for the transfer of Australian experience to England and Wales.&nbsp; My expectation is that the Australian experience is equally applicable to Chile but would need considerable modification.&nbsp; Amongst other things, it is critical that each component in an unbundled system be defined with hydrological integrity and that entitlements are defined as shares in the amount of water that can be extracted at any point in time.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>In Chile water rights are not linked to land or use. Should water rights be linked to use? Why or why not?<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In Australia, we have taken great care to ensure that rights are not linked to land or to use. This has increased innovation and promoted changes in the way water is used and held. As I have already stressed, it is possible to do this if and only if the design of the administrative system used allows changes to occur.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>In Chile a lack of information about who owns what right often causes confusion for farmers and investors. How important is it for water markets to have a clear public information system? <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Australia is moving towards a regime where water entitlement registers are publicly accessible, as they are for land. We are also working hard to make timely information on prices paid available. Amongst other things, we are now very careful to make policy announcements in a manner that does not encourage insider trading.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>What can countries like Chile and Australia do to mitigate the impact of climate change on freshwater supplies?<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first policy change that I always make is to move to a regime where the entitlement is defined as a right to a share of the amount [of water] that can be used sustainably.<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Water is vested with cultural and symbolic significance in aboriginal societies. What can Chile and other countries learn from Australia\u2019s aborigines in terms of water management?<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">I don\u2019t think that Australia has got this right yet.&nbsp; We are still searching for the best way to involve aboriginal people in the many policy processes we use.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>What will be the focus of your participation in the seminar to be held at the Universidad del Desarrollo later this month? <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In addition to all of the above ideas, I will also draw attention to the way water shortages around the world are changing opportunities to trade irrigated products. Chile, like Australia, is well positioned to gain from these developments.<\/p>\n<p><!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Australia y Chile comparten m\u00e1s que una larga costa en el oc\u00e9ano Pac\u00edfico; ambas naciones est\u00e1n luchando para lidiar con las consecuencias de una severa sequ\u00eda. En la \u00faltima d\u00e9cada, Australia -el continente habitado m\u00e1s seco del mundo- ha sufrido uno de los peores per\u00edodos de sequ\u00eda de su historia, lo que ha afectado las cosechas, el turismo y el crecimiento econ\u00f3mico. A medida que el cambio clim\u00e1tico y la creciente demanda ejercen m\u00e1s presi\u00f3n sobre los recursos, se estima que esta situaci\u00f3n empeorar\u00e1 en los pr\u00f3ximos a\u00f1os.<!--:--><!--:en--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Australia and Chile share more than a long Pacific coastline; they are both struggling to cope with the consequences of severe drought. In the last decade, Australia, the world\u2019s driest inhabited continent, has suffered one of the worst dry spells in its history, affecting crops, tourism and economic growth. As climate change and rising demand put added pressure on resources, this situation is expected to worsen in the coming years.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-4883","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Sequ\u00eda en Australia Drying up Down Under - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/sequia-en-australia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sequ\u00eda en Australia Drying up Down Under - AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Australia y Chile comparten m\u00e1s que una larga costa en el oc\u00e9ano Pac\u00edfico; ambas naciones est\u00e1n luchando para lidiar con las consecuencias de una severa sequ\u00eda. En la \u00faltima d\u00e9cada, Australia -el continente habitado m\u00e1s seco del mundo- ha sufrido uno de los peores per\u00edodos de sequ\u00eda de su historia, lo que ha afectado las cosechas, el turismo y el crecimiento econ\u00f3mico. A medida que el cambio clim\u00e1tico y la creciente demanda ejercen m\u00e1s presi\u00f3n sobre los recursos, se estima que esta situaci\u00f3n empeorar\u00e1 en los pr\u00f3ximos a\u00f1os.Australia and Chile share more than a long Pacific coastline; they are both struggling to cope with the consequences of severe drought. In the last decade, Australia, the world\u2019s driest inhabited continent, has suffered one of the worst dry spells in its history, affecting crops, tourism and economic growth. As climate change and rising demand put added pressure on resources, this situation is expected to worsen in the coming years.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/sequia-en-australia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-03-06T14:17:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"12 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/sequia-en-australia\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/sequia-en-australia\\\/\",\"name\":\"Sequ\u00eda en Australia Drying up Down Under - AmCham Chile\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2012-09-25T20:45:22+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-03-06T14:17:28+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/sequia-en-australia\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/sequia-en-australia\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/sequia-en-australia\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Sequ\u00eda en Australia Drying up Down Under\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/\",\"name\":\"AmCham Chile\",\"description\":\"C\u00e1mara Chilena Norteamericana de Comercio\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Sequ\u00eda en Australia Drying up Down Under - AmCham Chile","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/sequia-en-australia\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Sequ\u00eda en Australia Drying up Down Under - AmCham Chile","og_description":"Australia y Chile comparten m\u00e1s que una larga costa en el oc\u00e9ano Pac\u00edfico; ambas naciones est\u00e1n luchando para lidiar con las consecuencias de una severa sequ\u00eda. En la \u00faltima d\u00e9cada, Australia -el continente habitado m\u00e1s seco del mundo- ha sufrido uno de los peores per\u00edodos de sequ\u00eda de su historia, lo que ha afectado las cosechas, el turismo y el crecimiento econ\u00f3mico. A medida que el cambio clim\u00e1tico y la creciente demanda ejercen m\u00e1s presi\u00f3n sobre los recursos, se estima que esta situaci\u00f3n empeorar\u00e1 en los pr\u00f3ximos a\u00f1os.Australia and Chile share more than a long Pacific coastline; they are both struggling to cope with the consequences of severe drought. In the last decade, Australia, the world\u2019s driest inhabited continent, has suffered one of the worst dry spells in its history, affecting crops, tourism and economic growth. 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