{"id":4561,"date":"2011-06-28T15:43:36","date_gmt":"2011-06-28T15:43:36","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-03-17T17:53:57","modified_gmt":"2015-03-17T20:53:57","slug":"regulando-la-industria-pesquera","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/regulando-la-industria-pesquera\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->Regulando la Industria Pesquera<!--:--><!--:en-->Regulating the Fishing Industry<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Durante siglos, la pesca ha dado a los chilenos sustento, un medio de subsistencia y tradiciones que se han traspasado de generaci\u00f3n en generaci\u00f3n y, hoy en d\u00eda, a\u00fan es un gran negocio. Sin embargo, a fines de la d\u00e9cada de los 90, tambi\u00e9n era evidente que Chile -como otros pa\u00edses pesqueros del mundo- ten\u00eda un problema.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La captura de la industria estaba cayendo de manera desastrosa. Desde cerca de 7 millones de toneladas a mediados de la d\u00e9cada de los 90 declin\u00f3 hasta 3,5 millones de toneladas en 1998, seg\u00fan la Sociedad Nacional de Pesca (Sonapesca).<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Esa ca\u00edda coincidi\u00f3 con un episodio del fen\u00f3meno clim\u00e1tico de El Ni\u00f1o. Al aumentar la temperatura del mar costa afuera de Chile, El Ni\u00f1o alej\u00f3 al jurel -por lejos, la especie m\u00e1s importante- de los territorios de pesca de la industria.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Pero tambi\u00e9n gener\u00f3 temores sobre un agotamiento de las existencias en un contexto en el que los nuevos m\u00e9todos para detectar card\u00famenes de peces hab\u00edan aumentado de manera significativa la pesca promedio por bote. Y era claro que el sistema existente de regulaci\u00f3n -basado en licencias por bote, en lugar de en el tama\u00f1o de la pesca- necesitaba ser mejorado.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Las temporadas de veda se hab\u00edan probado en algunas pesquer\u00edas, pero usualmente solamente duraban unas semanas y, una vez levantada, la flota completa sal\u00eda a navegar para compensar el tiempo perdido. Y los resultados de imponer un L\u00edmite M\u00e1ximo de Captura por Armador (LMCA) hab\u00edan sido a\u00fan peores.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Ello condujo a que se pescara libremente, lo que se conoce como \u201ccarrera ol\u00edmpica\u201d, en la que los botes se apresuran a capturar la mayor parte posible de la cuota general basado en el orden de llegada. Ampliamente reconocida como una de las peores de todas formas posibles, esta no s\u00f3lo fue mala para la calidad de la pesca y para las condiciones laborales y de seguridad de las tripulaciones de las embarcaciones, sino que tambi\u00e9n alent\u00f3 un exceso de inversi\u00f3n en nuevos botes.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG style=\"BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; MARGIN: 5px; FLOAT: right; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid\" class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/ESP_Rodrigo_Sarquis_SPJUNIO2011.jpg\" width=250 height=200>En el 2000, en una apuesta por poner fin a esta pesca tipo derby, el gobierno del presidente Ricardo Lagos introdujo las Cuotas Individuales Transferibles (CIT), sistema usado tambi\u00e9n en otros pa\u00edses como Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Estas cuotas -que en esencia son un porcentaje de la captura total permitida en un determinado a\u00f1o- se asignaron a las compa\u00f1\u00edas pesqueras industriales basadas en su pesca hist\u00f3rica.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En un comienzo hubo cierta resistencia al sistema, pero los prometedores resultados en los primeros dos a\u00f1os significaron que, en el 2002, se extendiera por otra d\u00e9cada. \u201cAyud\u00f3 no s\u00f3lo a detener la ca\u00edda de las existencias, sino tambi\u00e9n a que volvieran al camino hacia la recuperaci\u00f3n\u201d, se\u00f1ala el presidente de Sonapesca, Rodrigo Sarquis.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">No todos concuerdan en lo que respecta a la recuperaci\u00f3n. Despu\u00e9s de todo, a una tasa de 3,3 millones de toneladas, la pesca en el 2010 se situ\u00f3 por debajo del nivel que registraba una d\u00e9cada antes. Sin embargo, con un marco regulador m\u00e1s estable y, m\u00e1s importante, sabiendo que se tiene una cuota garantizada que se puede pescar m\u00e1s lentamente y con una mayor atenci\u00f3n en la calidad, las empresas gradualmente se trasladaron hacia productos de m\u00e1s valor agregado.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Ello ha creado nuevos empleos al tiempo que ha ayudado a impulsar las exportaciones de la industria de los US$1.000 millones de 1996 a US$1.500 millones en el 2010. Casi dos tercios de la captura ahora se enlata o congela para consumo humano, mientras que s\u00f3lo un tercio se convierte en harina de pescado, la que es utilizada principalmente como alimento por las empresas salmoniculturas.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cNuestras pesquer\u00edas est\u00e1n produciendo m\u00e1s con menos y, como resultado de ello, est\u00e1n creando un empleo estable\u201d, afirma Sarquis.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>Propuesta de Reforma<\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Pero el sistema CIT caducar\u00e1 el pr\u00f3ximo a\u00f1o y se espera que el gobierno del presidente Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era revele pronto su propuesta para una nueva legislaci\u00f3n. Y, como destaca el subsecretario de Pesca, Pablo Galilea, hay mucho en juego dado que se prev\u00e9 que la ley regular\u00e1 a la industria durante los pr\u00f3ximos 25 a\u00f1os.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG style=\"BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; MARGIN: 5px; FLOAT: left; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid\" class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/ESP_Felipe_Moncada_SPJUNIO2011.jpg\" width=250 height=200>Sujeto a la aprobaci\u00f3n del Congreso, el gobierno podr\u00eda intentar modificar el sistema de CIT al someter a subastas parte de las cuotas individuales, asignadas en un principio de acuerdo con las tasas de captura hist\u00f3ricas. Esto ha generado una ola de protestas de parte de la industria, que ve las posibles subastas como una forma de expropiaci\u00f3n.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cEstamos de acuerdo en que los l\u00edmites deben adaptarse al volumen de la biomasa porque estamos en favor de hacer que esta actividad sea sustentable, pero no nos pueden quitar nuestro derecho a pescar\u201d, afirma Ricardo Garc\u00eda, gerente general de Camanchaca, una de las empresas de pesca y acuicultura m\u00e1s grandes del pa\u00eds.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Las subastas ya se usan en nuevas pesquer\u00edas sin una cuota asignada hist\u00f3ricamente y, en teor\u00eda, pueden corresponder hasta un cinco por ciento de la pesca total asignable en casos en que las cuotas no se usan por completo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">No obstante, su introducci\u00f3n para las otras pesquer\u00edas violar\u00eda los derechos de las empresas a las que ya se les asignaron cuotas, argumenta Luis Felipe Moncada, gerente de la Asociaci\u00f3n de Industriales Pesqueros (Asipes) de la regi\u00f3n del B\u00edo B\u00edo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG style=\"BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; MARGIN: 5px; FLOAT: right; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid\" class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/ESP_HUGO_ROA__SPJUNIO2011.jpg\" width=250 height=200>\u201cEllas ser\u00edan un gran error, porque violar\u00edan los derechos de empresas que han invertido y construido una industria en m\u00e1s de 60 a\u00f1os\u201d, insisti\u00f3 junto con destacar que la pesca no es la \u00fanica industria en que las concesiones se han adjudicado seg\u00fan derechos hist\u00f3ricos. \u201cLegalmente, no es diferente que el caso de los derechos de aguas, el espectro de radiodifusi\u00f3n o las rutas nacionales de aerol\u00edneas\u201d, se\u00f1ala.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Quienes se oponen a las subastas tambi\u00e9n destacan que tienen un registro deficiente. S\u00f3lo dos pa\u00edses -Rusia y Estonia- las han utilizado, con resultados negativos tanto para sus industrias como para sus recursos.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El posible impacto sobre el empleo local es otra preocupaci\u00f3n, seg\u00fan Hugo Roa, presidente de la Multigremial Pesquera VIII Regi\u00f3n, organizaci\u00f3n sindical de la Regi\u00f3n del B\u00edo B\u00edo. En el 2010, las empresas pesqueras industriales empleaban a 46.000 personas, pero dicha cifra podr\u00eda disminuir si se introducen las subastas, asevera.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Dada la econom\u00eda abierta de Chile, es muy probable que estos procesos est\u00e9n abiertos a empresas extranjeras, afirma. Y ello, a su vez, bien podr\u00eda significar procesamiento costa afuera a expensas del empleo local.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>\u00bfBarrera de Entrada?<\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">No obstante, quienes proponen la idea de subastar las cuotas aducen que el actual sistema limita el ingreso de nuevos actores a una industria concentrada. Tras una serie de recientes fusiones, la pesca industrial est\u00e1 dominada por seis empresas, las que son encabezadas por Orizon y Corpesca, filiales del grupo local Angelini.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Seg\u00fan Rodrigo Vial -socio fundador de Lota Protein, peque\u00f1a empresa pesquera, y presidente de la Asociaci\u00f3n Nacional de Armadores Pesqueros (Anapesca)-, las subastas de cuotas adem\u00e1s promover\u00e1n la innovaci\u00f3n, al tiempo que generar\u00e1n ingresos para el Estado. \u201cSi uno paga por su cuota en lugar de obtenerla gratuitamente, uno tiene m\u00e1s incentivos para innovar\u201d, afirma Vial.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG style=\"BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; MARGIN: 5px; FLOAT: left; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid\" class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/ESP_RODRIGO_VIAL_SP_JUN_2011.jpg\" width=250 height=200>Cuando se asignaron originalmente las cuotas, Lota Protein -fundada por socios chilenos y estadounidenses en 1992 pero que ahora pertenece a la firma noruega Norsildmel- no ten\u00eda una tasa hist\u00f3rica de captura y s\u00f3lo recibi\u00f3 una cuota muy peque\u00f1a, lo que la dej\u00f3 casi totalmente dependiente de los pescados que compra a pescadores artesanales. \u201cNos quitaron nuestros derechos de pesca\u201d, sostiene Vial.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En marzo del 2010, Lota Protein solicit\u00f3 al Tribunal de Defensa de la Libre Competencia de Chile que resolviera si las subastas son necesarias para incrementar la competencia. En enero, la entidad resolvi\u00f3 que no lo son, pero s\u00ed recomend\u00f3 mejorar la transferencia de las cuotas para crear un mercado secundario eficiente y transparente.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Seg\u00fan Sonapesca, ha habido m\u00e1s de 400 transferencias de cuotas desde el 2000. No obstante, todas ellas han sido traspasadas entre tenedores de cuotas existentes y los precios han sido altos.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">A juicio de los cr\u00edticos del sistema, otro obst\u00e1culo para la transferencia de cuotas es que est\u00e1n vinculadas a los botes m\u00e1s que a sus due\u00f1os, lo que hace m\u00e1s dif\u00edcil para las empresas comprarlas y venderlas. \u201cTenemos que hacer que transferir cuotas sea mucho m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil\u201d, concuerda el subsecretario Galilea.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>La Salud del Recurso<\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Pese a los positivos resultados del sistema de CIT, la sustentabilidad del recurso sigue siendo una preocupaci\u00f3n. Las pesqueras industriales argumentan que, mientras su pesca es controlada, los pesqueros extranjeros de arrastre y la pesca artesanal hacen lo que quieren en detrimento del bienestar del recurso.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Sonapesca destaca que el jurel, un pez migratorio, es recogido por factor\u00edas de arrastre, principalmente de China y la Uni\u00f3n Europea, que merodean a lo largo de los l\u00edmites de la Zona de Exclusi\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica de 200 millas que tiene Chile en el Oc\u00e9ano Pac\u00edfico. Parte del problema es su enorme tama\u00f1o.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG style=\"BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; MARGIN: 5px; FLOAT: right; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid\" class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/ESP_SUBSECRETARIO_GALILEA_SP_JUNIO2011.jpg\" width=250 height=200>Hay 234 embarcaciones chilenas autorizadas para pescar jurel en el Pac\u00edfico del Sur lo que se compara con apenas 15 factor\u00edas de arrastre de la Uni\u00f3n Europea, pero su capacidad combinada equivale a un 72 por ciento de la capacidad de la flota chilena. Seg\u00fan Rodrigo Sarquis de Sonapesca, estas factor\u00edas, que procesan la pesca a bordo, muestran poca preocupaci\u00f3n por la sustentabilidad y son una amenaza para el futuro de la industria.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En el 2009, Chile se uni\u00f3 a Australia y Nueva Zelanda en la creaci\u00f3n de la Organizaci\u00f3n Regional de Administraci\u00f3n Pesquera para la Alta Mar del Pac\u00edfico Sur con el objetivo de recomendar l\u00edmites sustentables de pesca a sus miembros, incluida una reducci\u00f3n del 40 por ciento en las cuotas de jurel este a\u00f1o, pero no tiene facultades para imponer su aplicaci\u00f3n. \u201cChile consigue nada regulando la pesca en sus propias aguas si los pa\u00edses vecinos no cooperan\u201d, se\u00f1ala Sarquis.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Las firmas de pesca industrial adem\u00e1s sostienen que la pesca artesanal representa una amenaza para la sustentabilidad del recurso. Argumentan que Sernapesca, la agencia gubernamental que fiscaliza cu\u00e1nto pescado traen las embarcaciones a puerto, tiene un duro trabajo controlando a los 16.000 botes artesanales que trabajan en las aguas costeras del pa\u00eds.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Las embarcaciones artesanales tienen permitido pescar no s\u00f3lo dentro del l\u00edmite de cinco millas al que las embarcaciones industriales no pueden ingresar sino que tambi\u00e9n m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de este l\u00edmite. La mayor parte de estos peque\u00f1os botes pertenecen a pescadores que tienen un modesto pasar mediante la venta de lo que pescan a las plantas de procesamiento.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Sin embargo, la captura total del sector de pesquer\u00edas artesanales se ha duplicado en los \u00faltimos 15 a\u00f1os a 1,8 millones de toneladas en el 2010 y ahora representa m\u00e1s de la mitad de los pescados del pa\u00eds. Y, seg\u00fan Sernapesca, este incremento se debe principalmente a 1.400 embarcaciones de entre 12 y 18 metros de largo, que son responsables del 97 por ciento de la pesca artesanal.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Los due\u00f1os de estos botes de tama\u00f1o intermedio se han enfrentado con las pesquer\u00edas industriales fuera del l\u00edmite de las cinco millas. El problema es que, bajo el actual sistema, las pesquer\u00edas artesanales est\u00e1n sujetas a una captura total admisible, pero esta no se divide en cuotas individuales, lo que dificulta hacer que se respete.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>D\u00e9ficit de Investigaci\u00f3n<\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">No obstante, particularmente en el caso de especies migratorias como el jurel, la sustentabilidad de los recursos tambi\u00e9n depende de una multitud de complejos factores biol\u00f3gicos y de otra \u00edndole, algunos de los cuales no se entienden completamente.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">De hecho, seg\u00fan Andr\u00e9s Mena, ex oficial superior de Pesca de la Oficina Regional de la FAO para Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe, la falta de informaci\u00f3n de calidad es un problema clave para regular la pesca en pa\u00edses en desarrollo de todo el mundo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG style=\"BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; MARGIN: 5px; FLOAT: left; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid\" class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/ESP_Andres_Mena_SP_JUNIO_2011.jpg\" width=250 height=200>Casi ning\u00fan pa\u00eds en Am\u00e9rica Latina tiene buenas estad\u00edsticas de pesca, afirma Mena. La investigaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica de Chile es mejor que la de la mayor\u00eda, a\u00f1ade, pero de todos modos podr\u00eda mejorarse.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Parte del problema en Chile es la forma en que se financia la investigaci\u00f3n. El Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), creado por la Corporaci\u00f3n de Fomento a la Producci\u00f3n (CORFO) en 1964, es responsable de realizar los estudios y proponer el l\u00edmite anual total de pesca, pero su financiamiento de parte del Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Pesquera (FIP) y de fuentes privadas es limitado.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Adem\u00e1s, el l\u00edmite de pesca del IFOP debe ser aprobado por el Consejo Nacional de Pesca de Chile, que est\u00e1 conformado principalmente por representantes de pesquer\u00edas industriales. Como resultado, las decisiones sobre los l\u00edmites de captura son \u201cpol\u00edticos en lugar de basarse en buena informaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica\u201d, seg\u00fan Humberto Chamorro, presidente de la Federaci\u00f3n Nacional de Pescadores Artesanales de Chile (Fenapach).<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El subsecretario Galilea concuerda en que se requiere una mejor investigaci\u00f3n para determinar los l\u00edmites de captura, que es la raz\u00f3n por la que el gobierno est\u00e1 trabajando en una propuesta, en paralelo a su propuesta de cuotas, para hacer que el IFOP sea un instituto con financiamiento estatal. Este nuevo instituto entregar\u00eda informaci\u00f3n sobre la pesca de captura as\u00ed como tambi\u00e9n sobre la acuicultura.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Su capacidad de recolecci\u00f3n de informaci\u00f3n debe llevarse a los est\u00e1ndares de los pa\u00edses desarrollados, afirma Galilea, de modo que las empresas pesqueras conf\u00eden en los datos empleados para determinar los l\u00edmites de captura. \u201cEl Estado no entiende cu\u00e1n costosa es la investigaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica, pero -sin ella- no podemos tomar las decisiones adecuadas para garantizar la sustentabilidad del recurso\u201d. agrega.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La evidencia sugiere que este ser\u00e1 dinero bien gastado y no s\u00f3lo por la mayor claridad que entregar\u00e1. Despu\u00e9s de todo, cualquier sistema regulador, con o sin subastas, s\u00f3lo puede ser tan bueno como la informaci\u00f3n en la que se basa.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>Julian Dowling<\/STRONG> es el editor de <STRONG>bUSiness CHILE<\/STRONG>.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG style=\"MARGIN: 5px\" class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/TABLA_ESPANOL1.jpg\" width=300 height=450><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/TORTA_ESPANOL1.jpg\" width=300 height=350><\/P><!--:--><!--:en--><P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Fishing has for centuries provided Chileans with sustenance, livelihoods and traditions passed down from generation to generation and, today, it is still big business. But, by the late-1990s, it was also apparent that Chile &#8211; like other fishing countries around the world &#8211; had a problem.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">The industry\u2019s catch was slipping ominously. From around 7 million tons in the mid-1990s, it fell to 3.5 million tons in 1998, according to the national industrial fishing association, Sonapesca.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">That drop coincided with an episode of the El Ni\u00f1o climate phenomenon. By increasing the temperature of the sea off Chile, it drove jack mackerel &#8211; by far, the most important species &#8211; away from the industry\u2019s fishing grounds.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">But it also raised concern about stock depletion in a context in which new methods of detecting schools of fish had significantly increased the average catch per boat. And it was clear that the existing system of regulation, based on boat licenses, rather than the size of their catch, needed to be improved.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Closed seasons had been tried in some fisheries but they had usually lasted only a matter of weeks and, once they were lifted, the entire fleet would set sail in a race to make up for lost time. And the results of imposing a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) had been even worse.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG style=\"BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; MARGIN: 5px; FLOAT: right; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid\" class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/ING_Rodrigo_Sarquis_SPJUNIO2011.jpg\" width=250 height=200>It led to a fishing free-for-all, the so-called \u201cOlympic race\u201d, in which boats rushed to grab the largest possible share of the overall limit on the first-come, first-served principle. Widely recognized as the worst of all possible worlds, this was not only bad for the quality of the catch and for crews\u2019 working and safety conditions, but it also encouraged over-investment in new boats.<\/P><br \/>\n<P>In 2000, in a bid to put an end to this derby-style fishing, the government of President Ricardo Lagos introduced Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs), a system also used in other countries such as Australia and New Zealand. These quotas &#8211; essentially a percentage of the total catch permitted in a given year &#8211; were assigned to industrial fishing companies on the basis of their historic catch.&nbsp;<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">There was initially some resistance to the system but promising results over the first two years meant that, in 2002, it was extended for a further decade. \u201cIt has helped not just to halt the decline of stocks, but also get them on the path to recovery,\u201d said Sonapesca\u2019s president, Rodrigo Sarquis.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Not everyone agrees about the recovery. After all, at 3.3 million tons, the catch in 2010 was below its level a decade earlier. However, with a more stable regulatory framework and, crucially, the knowledge of a guaranteed quota that could be fished more slowly and with a closer eye on quality, companies gradually shifted into more value-added products.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">That has created new jobs while helping to boost the industry\u2019s exports to US$1.5 billion in 2010 from US$1 billion in 1996. Nearly two thirds of the catch is now canned or frozen for human consumption, while only a third is turned into fishmeal which is mainly used as feed by salmon farming companies.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cOur fisheries are producing more with less and creating stable employment as a result,\u201d said Sarquis.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>Reform proposal<\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">But the ITQ system will expire next year and the government of President Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era is soon expected to unveil its proposal for a new law. And, as Undersecretary for Fishing Pablo Galilea points out, the stakes are high since the law is expected to regulate the industry for the next 25 years.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG style=\"BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; MARGIN: 5px; FLOAT: left; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid\" class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/ING_Felipe_Moncada_SPJUNIO2011.jpg\" width=250 height=200>Subject to the approval of Congress, the government may seek to modify the ITQ system by putting part of the individual quotas, originally assigned on the basis of historic catches, up for auction. This has raised a storm of protest from the industry which sees the possible auctions as a form of expropriation.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cWe agree catch limits must adapt to the biomass volume because we are in favor of making this activity sustainable, but they cannot take away our right to fish,\u201d said Ricardo Garc\u00eda, CEO of Camanchaca, one of the country\u2019s largest fishing and aquaculture companies.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Auctions are already used in new fisheries without historically allocated quotas and theoretically they can also be held for up to five percent of the total allowable catch in cases when quotas are not fully used.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">But their introduction for other fisheries would violate the rights of companies already awarded quotas, argued Luis Felipe Moncada, general manager of the Biob\u00edo Region\u2019s industrial fishing association, Asipes.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG style=\"BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; MARGIN: 5px; FLOAT: right; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid\" class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/ING_HUGO_ROA__SPJUNIO2011.jpg\" width=250 height=200>\u201cThey would be a big mistake because they would infringe the rights of companies that have invested and built an industry over 60 years,\u201d he insisted, pointing out that fishing is not the only industry in which concessions have been awarded based on historic rights. \u201cLegally, it\u2019s no different from the case of water rights, the radio broadcast spectrum or domestic airline routes,\u201d he said.&nbsp;<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Opponents of auctions also point out that they have a poor track record. Only two countries &#8211; Russia and Estonia &#8211; have used them, with negative results for both their industries and the resource.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">The possible impact on local jobs is a further concern, according to Hugo Roa, president of the Biob\u00edo Region\u2019s industrial fishermen\u2019s union. In 2010, industrial fishing companies employed 46,000 people but that could drop if auctions were introduced, he argued.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Given Chile\u2019s open economy, it\u2019s very likely they would be open to foreign companies, he said. And that, in turn, could well mean offshore processing at the expense of local employment.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>Entry barrier?<\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Proponents of quota auctions, however, argue that the current system limits the entry of new players into a concentrated industry. After a slew of recent mergers, industrial fishing is dominated by six companies, led by the local Angelini group\u2019s subsidiaries Orizon and Corpesca.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">According Rodrigo Vial, co-founder of Lota Protein, a small fishing company, and president of the shipbuilders\u2019 association Anapesca, quota auctions would also promote innovation while generating income for the state. \u201cIf you are paying for your quota rather than getting it for free, you have more incentive to innovate,\u201d said Vial.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG style=\"BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; MARGIN: 5px; FLOAT: left; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid\" class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/ING_RODRIGO_VIAL_SP_JUN_2011.jpg\" width=250 height=200>When quotas were originally allocated, Lota Protein, founded by Chilean and American partners in 1992 but now owned by Norway\u2019s Norsildmel, had no historic catch and received only a very small quota, leaving it almost entirely dependent on the fish it buys from artisanal fishers. \u201cThey took away our fishing rights,\u201d said Vial.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">In March 2010, Lota Protein asked Chile\u2019s antitrust tribunal to decide whether auctions are necessary to increase competition. In January, it ruled that they are not but it did recommend improving the transferability of quotas to create an efficient and transparent secondary market.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">According to Sonapesca, there have been over 400 quota transactions since 2000. However, they have all been between existing quota holders and prices have been high.&nbsp;<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">According to critics of the system, another obstacle to the transfer of quotas is that they are linked to boats rather than their owners, making it more difficult for companies to sell and buy them. \u201cWe have to make it much easier to transfer quotas,\u201d agreed Undersecretary Galilea.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>Resource health<\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Despite the positive results of the ITQ system, the sustainability of the resource remains a concern. Industrial fishing companies argue that, while their catch is controlled, foreign trawlers and artisanal fishing do much as they like to the detriment of the resource\u2019s health.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Sonapesca points out that jack mackerel, a migratory fish, is scooped up by factory trawlers, principally from China and the EU, that prowl along the edges of Chile\u2019s 200-mile Economic Exclusion Zone in the Pacific Ocean. Part of the problem is their sheer size.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG style=\"BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; MARGIN: 5px; FLOAT: right; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid\" class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/ING_SUBSECRETARIO_GALILEA_SP_JUNIO2011.jpg\" width=250 height=200>There are 234 Chilean boats authorized to catch jack mackerel in the South Pacific as compared to just 15 EU factory trawlers but their combined hold capacity is 72 percent of the capacity of the Chilean fleet. According to Sonapesca\u2019s Rodrigo Sarquis, these trawlers, which process fish onboard, show little regard for sustainability and are a threat to the industry\u2019s future.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">In 2009, Chile joined Australia and New Zealand in creating the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation with the aim of recommending sustainable catch limits for its members, including a 40 percent reduction in jack mackerel quotas this year, but it has no power of enforcement. \u201cChile achieves nothing by regulating fishing in its own waters if neighboring countries do not cooperate,\u201d said Sarquis.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Industrial fishing companies also maintain that artisanal fishing poses a threat to resource sustainability. They argue that Sernapesca, the government agency that monitors how much fish vessels bring into port, has a hard time keeping tabs on the 16,000 artisanal boats that work the country\u2019s coastal waters.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Artisanal vessels are permitted to fish not only within the five-mile limit that industrial vessels may not enter but also beyond this limit. Most of these are small boats owned by fishermen who make a modest living selling what they catch to processing plants.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">The total catch of the artisanal fisheries sector has, however, doubled in the last 15 years to 1.8 million tons in 2010 and now accounts for over half of the fish caught in the country. And, according to Sernapesca, this increase is mainly due to 1,400 vessels, between 12 and 18 meters long, which are responsible for 97 percent of the artisanal catch.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">The owners of these intermediate-size boats have clashed with industrial fisheries outside the five-mile limit. The problem is that, under the existing system, artisanal fisheries are subject to a total allowable catch but this is not divided into individual quotas, making enforcement difficult.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>Research gap<\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">But, particularly in the case of a migratory species like jack mackerel, resource sustainability also depends on a multitude of complex biological and other factors, some of which are not fully understood.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Indeed, according to Andr\u00e9s Mena, a former fisheries officer at the UN Food and Agriculture Organization\u2019s Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, a lack of quality information is a key problem for regulating fishing in developing countries around the world.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG style=\"BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; MARGIN: 5px; FLOAT: left; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid\" class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/ING_Andres_Mena_SP_JUNIO_2011.jpg\" width=250 height=200>Almost no country in Latin America has good fishing statistics, said Mena. Chile\u2019s scientific research is better than most, he added, but could still be improved.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Part of the problem in Chile is the way research is funded. The Fisheries Development Institute (IFOP), created by the state economic development agency CORFO in 1964, is responsible for performing studies and proposing the annual total catch limit, but its funding from the Fishery Research Fund (FIP) and private sources is limited.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">In addition, IFOP\u2019s catch limit must be approved by Chile\u2019s National Fishing Council, which is comprised mainly of representatives of industrial fisheries. As a result, catch limit decisions are \u201cpolitical instead of being based on good technical information\u201d, according to Humberto Chamorro, president of the national association of artisanal fishermen, Fenapach.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Undersecretary Galilea agrees that better research is needed to set catch limits, which is why the government is working on a proposal, in parallel to its quotas proposal, to make IFOP into a state-funded research institute. This new institute would provide information about capture fishing as well as about aquaculture.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Its information-gathering capability must be brought up to developed-country standards, said Galilea, so that fishing companies trust the data used to determine catch limits. \u201cThe state doesn\u2019t understand how expensive scientific research is but, without it, we can\u2019t make the right decisions to ensure the sustainability of the resource,\u201d he added.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">The evidence suggests that this would be money well spent, and not only because of the greater clarity it would provide. After all, any regulatory system, with or without auctions, can only be as good as the information on which it is based.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>Julian Dowling<\/STRONG> is the editor of <STRONG>bUSiness CHILE.<\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><IMG class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/TABLA_INGLES1.jpg\" width=350 height=450><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG><BR><IMG class=mceItem alt=\"\" src=\"\/sites\/default\/files\/TORTA_INGLES1.jpg\" width=300 height=450><\/STRONG><\/P><!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Durante siglos, la pesca ha dado a los chilenos sustento, un medio de subsistencia y tradiciones que se han traspasado de generaci\u00f3n en generaci\u00f3n y, hoy en d\u00eda, a\u00fan es un gran negocio. Sin embargo, a fines de la d\u00e9cada de los 90, tambi\u00e9n era evidente que Chile -como otros pa\u00edses pesqueros del mundo- ten\u00eda un problema.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La captura de la industria estaba cayendo de manera desastrosa.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-4561","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Regulando la Industria PesqueraRegulating the Fishing Industry - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/regulando-la-industria-pesquera\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Regulando la Industria PesqueraRegulating the Fishing Industry - AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Durante siglos, la pesca ha dado a los chilenos sustento, un medio de subsistencia y tradiciones que se han traspasado de generaci\u00f3n en generaci\u00f3n y, hoy en d\u00eda, a\u00fan es un gran negocio. Sin embargo, a fines de la d\u00e9cada de los 90, tambi\u00e9n era evidente que Chile -como otros pa\u00edses pesqueros del mundo- ten\u00eda un problema. La captura de la industria estaba cayendo de manera desastrosa.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/regulando-la-industria-pesquera\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-03-17T20:53:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"22 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/regulando-la-industria-pesquera\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/regulando-la-industria-pesquera\\\/\",\"name\":\"Regulando la Industria PesqueraRegulating the Fishing Industry - AmCham Chile\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2011-06-28T15:43:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-03-17T20:53:57+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/regulando-la-industria-pesquera\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/regulando-la-industria-pesquera\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/regulando-la-industria-pesquera\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Regulando la Industria PesqueraRegulating the Fishing Industry\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/\",\"name\":\"AmCham Chile\",\"description\":\"C\u00e1mara Chilena Norteamericana de Comercio\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Regulando la Industria PesqueraRegulating the Fishing Industry - AmCham Chile","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/regulando-la-industria-pesquera\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Regulando la Industria PesqueraRegulating the Fishing Industry - AmCham Chile","og_description":"Durante siglos, la pesca ha dado a los chilenos sustento, un medio de subsistencia y tradiciones que se han traspasado de generaci\u00f3n en generaci\u00f3n y, hoy en d\u00eda, a\u00fan es un gran negocio. 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