{"id":4468,"date":"2011-03-11T18:42:05","date_gmt":"2011-03-11T18:42:05","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-03-11T16:42:37","modified_gmt":"2015-03-11T19:42:37","slug":"intervencion-del-mercado-cambiario-de-chile-el-espectaculo-continua","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/intervencion-del-mercado-cambiario-de-chile-el-espectaculo-continua\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->Intervenci\u00f3n del Mercado Cambiario de Chile: El Espect\u00e1culo Contin\u00faa<!--:--><!--:en-->Chile\u2019s FX Intervention: The Show Goes On<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En enero, el Banco Central de Chile anunci\u00f3 un programa de compra de reservas internacionales por US$12.000 millones para el 2011. Entre las econom\u00edas sudamericanas, Chile fue la \u00faltima en intervenir. De hecho, desde el inicio de la flotaci\u00f3n de su moneda en 1999, Chile ha intervenido al peso solo en tres ocasiones: en el 2001 y en el 2003 para fortalecerlo a trav\u00e9s de la venta de d\u00f3lares por hasta US$4.000 millones y en el 2008 para debilitarlo con compras de la divisa estadounidense por hasta US$8.000 millones. En parte, la \u201cextraordinaria\u201d decisi\u00f3n de Chile de intervenir responde a las pol\u00edticas \u201cextraordinarias\u201d que prevalecen en otros lugares, incluida la flexibilizaci\u00f3n cuantitativa de la pol\u00edtica monetaria de Estados Unidos y la fijaci\u00f3n de la moneda de China.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La intervenci\u00f3n de Chile depende de una cantidad fija de compras diarias de divisas y, por tanto, no establece un l\u00edmite para un nivel particular del peso frente al d\u00f3lar. Sin embargo, aun cuando la moneda local se debilit\u00f3 en un principio a 495 pesos por d\u00f3lar, la divisa chilena se ha fortalecido con posterioridad. Entonces las autoridades podr\u00edan considerar una nueva ronda de medidas. Dicho esto, no obstante, aumentar el programa de compras de reservas internacionales parece poco atractivo. Por tanto, podr\u00edan analizarse otras opciones de pol\u00edtica: un ajuste monetario \u201cno convencional\u201d, impuestos al financiamiento extranjero, reformas para mejorar la productividad, ajuste fiscal, beneficios espec\u00edficos para los sectores exportadores vulnerables y controles de capital.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En el primer lugar entre las razones para no expandir la intervenci\u00f3n cambiaria figura la necesidad simult\u00e1nea de reducir los temores de inflaci\u00f3n mediante alzas a las tasas de inter\u00e9s. Las expectativas de inflaci\u00f3n se han elevado por sobre la meta. El problema -que tambi\u00e9n experimentan otras econom\u00edas emergentes- es que las mayores tasas de inter\u00e9s necesarias para reducir las preocupaciones en torno a la inflaci\u00f3n pueden atraer capital de corto plazo que podr\u00eda fortalecer al peso. Por otra parte, mantener las tasas bajas para desalentar la fortaleza del peso podr\u00eda agravar el \u201csobrecalentamiento\u201d econ\u00f3mico.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Enfrentados a este dilema otros bancos centrales est\u00e1n analizando ajustes monetarios &#8220;no convencionales&#8221;. Estos se componen de medidas que inducen un aumento en las tasas de cr\u00e9dito de la banca (mediante un aumento de los requisitos de capital o reservas de liquidez de los bancos) sin depender de alzas a la tasa de pol\u00edtica monetaria. Pero el gran tama\u00f1o del sector financiero no bancario de Chile genera cuestionamientos respecto de su efectividad y deja abierta la puerta para que las autoridades consideren, en cambio, un impuesto al financiamiento extranjero.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La segunda raz\u00f3n es lo que se percibe como una baja efectividad de la intervenci\u00f3n. Debido a que el peso est\u00e1 relativamente bien alineado con sus indicadores fundamentales los encargados de la pol\u00edtica monetaria de Chile parecen esc\u00e9pticos en cuanto la capacidad que tiene la intervenci\u00f3n para tener un impacto sobre el peso m\u00e1s all\u00e1 del corto plazo. En consecuencia, el Ministerio de Econom\u00eda est\u00e1 trabajando febrilmente en reformas para mejorar la productividad y ofrecer un respaldo m\u00e1s duradero para los m\u00e1rgenes de ganancias corporativas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En el 2008, la intervenci\u00f3n se activ\u00f3 cuando una divergencia del peso respecto de los t\u00e9rminos del comercio de Chile afect\u00f3 los m\u00e1rgenes de ganancias en todos los sectores exportadores. Hoy en d\u00eda, es la extrema disparidad de los precios internacionales de bienes producidos por distintos exportadores chilenos lo que preocupa a los encargados de la pol\u00edtica monetaria. En otras palabras, esta vez las empresas cupr\u00edferas a\u00fan pueden obtener ganancias pese a un peso m\u00e1s fuerte, pero los productores agr\u00edcolas est\u00e1n sufriendo una importante reducci\u00f3n de sus m\u00e1rgenes, lo que genera un problema com\u00fanmente conocido como &#8220;enfermedad holandesa\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tercero, la intervenci\u00f3n parece ineficiente. Al beneficiar a sectores que necesitan respaldo, como la agricultura, beneficia a sectores que no lo necesitan, como la miner\u00eda. Adem\u00e1s es costosa: el programa anunciado en enero tendr\u00e1 un costo para Chile de m\u00e1s de US$700 millones por a\u00f1o debido a la esterilizaci\u00f3n (la absorci\u00f3n de la liquidez creada por la venta de pesos mediante la emisi\u00f3n de valores). No obstante, el Ministerio de Hacienda tiene la opci\u00f3n de considerar un apoyo focalizado para los sectores vulnerables a trav\u00e9s de la pol\u00edtica fiscal -incentivos tributarios, subsidios o cr\u00e9dito barato- en lugar de expandir la intervenci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">De manera parad\u00f3jica, mientras el mayor respaldo fiscal a nivel micro ofrece una alternativa a la intervenci\u00f3n cambiaria, en el nivel macro la pol\u00edtica fiscal de Chile necesita ajustarse m\u00e1s de manera que alivie la presi\u00f3n sobre la inflaci\u00f3n y el peso. Los encargados de la pol\u00edtica monetaria de Chile se identifican con este enfoque, pero las exigencias de la reconstrucci\u00f3n tras el terremoto del a\u00f1o pasado limitan el alcance de un ajuste inmediato de la pol\u00edtica fiscal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Los controles de capital constituyen una \u201copci\u00f3n de \u00faltimo recurso\u201d. Las autoridades chilenas tienen un sesgo en contra de ellas. La visi\u00f3n convencional, a partir de la investigaci\u00f3n sobre su efecto en Chile en la d\u00e9cada de los 90, se\u00f1ala que no contrarrestaron el exceso de ingresos de capital financiero, s\u00f3lo cambiaron su composici\u00f3n en el largo plazo. Y el Tratado de Libre Comercio con Estados Unidos limita el uso del \u201cencaje\u201d, o el requerimiento de reservas no remuneradas, a solo un a\u00f1o.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">De todos modos los controles no pueden descartarse por completo. Primero, el presidente del Banco Central de Chile, Jos\u00e9 De Gregorio, rompi\u00f3 el hielo al reconocer que es necesario volver a evaluarlos. En segundo lugar, investigaciones opuestas a la opini\u00f3n de consenso sugieren que los controles fueron exitosos en la d\u00e9cada de los 90 si los resultados se ajustan al ciclo crediticio global. Tercero, si bien los ingresos de capital netos pod\u00edan no parecer una fuente significativa de presi\u00f3n sobre el peso, los ingresos de capital brutos son grandes, lo que sugiere que las pol\u00edticas cambiarias podr\u00edan tener m\u00e1s efecto que lo que suponen las autoridades.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Vladimir Werning es director ejecutivo de J.P. Morgan<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!--:--><!--:en-->&lt;p style=&#8221;text-align: justify;&#8221;&gt;In January, Chile\u2019s Central Bank announced a US$12 billion reserve purchase program for 2011. Among South American economies, Chile was last to intervene. In fact, since floating its currency in 1999, Chile has intervened in the peso on only three occasions: in 2001 and 2003 to strengthen it through U.S. dollar sales of up to US$4 billion, and in 2008 to weaken it through dollar purchases up to US$8 billion. In part, Chile\u2019s \u201cextraordinary\u201d decision to intervene responds to the \u201cextraordinary\u201d policies prevailing elsewhere, including U.S. quantitative monetary easing and China\u2019s currency peg.&lt;\/p&gt;<br \/>\n&lt;p style=&#8221;text-align: justify;&#8221;&gt;Chile\u2019s intervention relies on a fixed amount of daily FX purchases and thus does not draw a \u201cline in the sand\u201d for a particular peso level vs. the dollar. But even though the local currency initially weakened to 495 pesos\/USD, it has subsequently strengthened. So authorities could consider a new round of measures. That said, however, increasing the reserve purchase program seems unattractive. Therefore, other policy options may be discussed: \u201cnon-conventional\u201d monetary tightening, taxes on foreign financing, reforms to enhance productivity, fiscal tightening, specific benefits for vulnerable exporting sectors, and capital controls.&lt;\/p&gt;<br \/>\n&lt;p style=&#8221;text-align: justify;&#8221;&gt;First among reasons not to expand FX intervention is the simultaneous need to curb inflation concerns by raising interest rates. Inflation expectations have risen above the target. The problem &#8211; shared with other emerging economies &#8211; is that the higher interest rates needed to dampen inflation concerns can attract short-term capital that might strengthen the peso. Alternatively, keeping interest rates low to dissuade peso strength might aggravate economic \u201coverheating\u201d.&lt;\/p&gt;<br \/>\n&lt;p style=&#8221;text-align: justify;&#8221;&gt;Confronted with this dilemma other central banks are exploring &#8220;non-conventional&#8221; monetary tightening. This consists of measures that induce an increase in banks&#8217; lending rates (by raising bank liquidity reserves or capital requirements) without relying on hikes in the policy interest rate. But the large size of Chile\u2019s non-bank financial sector raises questions as to their effectiveness and leaves the door open for authorities to consider a tax on foreign financing instead.&lt;\/p&gt;<br \/>\n&lt;p style=&#8221;text-align: justify;&#8221;&gt;The second reason is the perceived low effectiveness of intervention. Because the peso is relatively well aligned with fundamentals, Chilean policymakers seem skeptical of the capacity for intervention to impact the peso beyond the short-term. Consequently, the Economy Ministry is working feverishly on reforms to enhance productivity and offer more long-lasting support for corporate profit margins.&lt;\/p&gt;<br \/>\n&lt;p style=&#8221;text-align: justify;&#8221;&gt;In 2008, intervention was prompted when a deviation of the peso from Chile&#8217;s terms of trade hurt profit margins across all export sectors. Today, it is the extreme disparity of international prices for goods produced by different Chilean exporters that concerns policymakers. In other words, this time copper companies can still profit despite the stronger peso, but agricultural producers are suffering a margin squeeze &#8211; raising a concern commonly referred to as &#8220;Dutch disease\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Third, intervention appears inefficient. In benefiting sectors that need support, like agriculture, it benefits sectors that do not need it, like mining. It is also costly \u2013 the program announced in January will cost Chile over US$700 million per annum due to sterilization (absorbing liquidity created by the selling of pesos by issuing securities). However, the Finance Ministry has the option of considering focalized support for vulnerable sectors through fiscal policy &#8211; tax breaks, subsidies or cheap credit &#8211; rather than expanding intervention.&lt;\/p&gt;<br \/>\n&lt;p style=&#8221;text-align: justify;&#8221;&gt;Paradoxically, while increasing fiscal support at the micro level offers an alternative to FX intervention, at the macro level Chile\u2019s fiscal policy needs to be tightened further so as to relieve both the pressure on inflation and on the peso. Chile\u2019s policymakers sympathize with this approach but reconstruction demands following last year\u2019s earthquake limit the scope for immediate fiscal policy tightening.&lt;\/p&gt;<br \/>\n&lt;p style=&#8221;text-align: justify;&#8221;&gt;Capital controls constitute an \u201coption of last resort\u201d. Chilean authorities are biased against them. The conventional view, from research on their effect in Chile in the 1990s, states that they did not offset excess financial capital inflows &#8211; they only changed their composition to longer term. And the Free Trade Agreement with the United States limits the use of the \u201cencaje\u201d, or unremunerated reserve requirement, to just one year.&lt;\/p&gt;<br \/>\n&lt;p style=&#8221;text-align: justify;&#8221;&gt;Yet controls cannot be completely disregarded. First, Central Bank President Jos\u00e9 De Gregorio broke the ice by acknowledging that they need to be reassessed. Second, research countering the consensus suggests that controls were successful in the 1990s if results are adjusted for the global credit cycle. Third, while net capital inflows may not appear a meaningful source of pressure on the peso, gross capital inflows are large -suggesting that FX policies may have more traction than presumed by authorities.&lt;\/p&gt;<br \/>\n&lt;p style=&#8221;text-align: justify;&#8221;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Vladimir Werning is Executive Director of J.P. Morgan&lt;\/em&gt;&lt;\/strong&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-4468","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Intervenci\u00f3n del Mercado Cambiario de Chile: El Espect\u00e1culo Contin\u00faaChile\u2019s FX Intervention: The Show Goes On - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/intervencion-del-mercado-cambiario-de-chile-el-espectaculo-continua\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Intervenci\u00f3n del Mercado Cambiario de Chile: El Espect\u00e1culo Contin\u00faaChile\u2019s FX Intervention: The Show Goes On - 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