{"id":4149,"date":"2009-09-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2009-09-01T01:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-01-23T14:51:57","modified_gmt":"2015-01-23T14:51:57","slug":"incrementando-el-crecimiento-de-chile","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/incrementando-el-crecimiento-de-chile\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->Incrementando el Crecimiento de Chile<!--:--><!--:en-->Growing Chile\u2019s Growth<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><!--break--><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Doctorado de la Universidad de Harvard, Felipe Larra\u00edn es profesor de econom\u00eda de la Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, asesor de varias organizaciones internacionales y multilaterales adem\u00e1s de director de una serie de empresas locales. Pero -lo que es de mayor relevancia de cara a la elecci\u00f3n presidencial de diciembre- tambi\u00e9n es uno de los principales asesores econ\u00f3micos del candidato de la oposici\u00f3n Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En la primera de una serie de entrevistas previas a las elecciones, <STRONG>bUSiness CHILE<\/STRONG> convers\u00f3 con Larra\u00edn acerca del programa econ\u00f3mico de Pi\u00f1era y c\u00f3mo el candidato cumplir\u00e1 su promesa de hacer que Chile vuelva a las altas tasas de crecimiento de las que disfrut\u00f3 en la d\u00e9cada de los 90, pero que desde entonces han demostrado ser esquivas.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG><EM>\u00bfDobl\u00f3 Chile la esquina de la recesi\u00f3n? \u00bfCu\u00e1nto espera que se contraiga el PIB este a\u00f1o?<\/EM> <\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Chile se est\u00e1 recuperando lentamente tras cuatro trimestres de recesi\u00f3n que comenzaron en el tercer trimestre del 2008. Hay signos de que la actividad econ\u00f3mica se est\u00e1 estabilizando y probablemente crezca en el tercer trimestre. Sin embargo, durante todo el a\u00f1o, la contracci\u00f3n ser\u00e1 del orden del 1,2% al 1,8%.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG><EM>Mirando a futuro, Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era est\u00e1 prometiendo que, de ser elegido, har\u00e1 que la tasa de crecimiento de Chile vuelva al 6%, \u00bfc\u00f3mo lo lograr\u00e1? <\/EM><\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><EM><\/EM>En primer lugar, la recesi\u00f3n de este a\u00f1o implica capacidad ociosa que puede ponerse a producir nuevamente una vez que la econom\u00eda internacional se recupere. Para el 2010, el Fondo Monetario Internacional est\u00e1 proyectando un crecimiento mundial del 2,5% y eso ayudar\u00e1 a la econom\u00eda chilena. Adem\u00e1s de eso, el programa de Pi\u00f1era impulsar\u00e1 la inversi\u00f3n y el empleo, y permitir\u00e1 una importante mejora en la productividad.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><EM>Las proyecciones de consenso a nivel local todav\u00eda sugieren un crecimiento del PIB de s\u00f3lo un 3% en Chile el pr\u00f3ximo a\u00f1o; ello requerir\u00eda un crecimiento bastante importante en el per\u00edodo 2011-2013 para alcanzar un promedio del 6% durante el per\u00edodo de cuatro a\u00f1os. <\/EM><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><EM><\/EM>El crecimiento posiblemente se acercar\u00e1 al 4,5% el pr\u00f3ximo a\u00f1o; los requerimientos para el per\u00edodo 2011-2013 son exigentes, pero factibles. El programa econ\u00f3mico de Pi\u00f1era contempla la creaci\u00f3n de 200.000 empleos al a\u00f1o -en otras palabras, el doble de la cantidad creada entre el 2006 y el 2009- as\u00ed como tambi\u00e9n la erradicaci\u00f3n de la extrema pobreza para el 2014. Esas son metas ambiciosas, pero est\u00e1n respaldas por una serie de pol\u00edticas poderosas.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Hay un ciclo virtuoso entre el crecimiento, el empleo y la reducci\u00f3n de la pobreza. Con el fin de crear 200.000 empleos al a\u00f1o, necesitamos crecer mucho m\u00e1s r\u00e1pidamente de lo que lo hemos hecho desde 1998 cuando la econom\u00eda chilena entr\u00f3 en un letargo. A su vez, la mayor creaci\u00f3n de empleo estimular\u00e1 el crecimiento debido a que esos nuevos trabajadores demandar\u00e1n bienes y servicios.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG><EM>\u00bfQu\u00e9 hay de la regla del super\u00e1vit fiscal estructural? Por definici\u00f3n e intenci\u00f3n, eso reduce los peaks de crecimiento de la econom\u00eda adem\u00e1s de limitar su contracci\u00f3n durante las crisis. <\/EM><\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><EM><\/EM>Pi\u00f1era est\u00e1 totalmente comprometido para mantener una regla fiscal contrac\u00edclica. Como toda regla pol\u00edtica, est\u00e1 sujeta a mejoras y, tal como est\u00e1 ahora, necesita una transparencia significativamente mayor. <EM>La inflaci\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n podr\u00eda repuntar. \u00bfCu\u00e1nto le preocupa eso? <\/EM>La inflaci\u00f3n ciertamente repuntar\u00e1 desde los niveles negativos acumulados en lo que va de este a\u00f1o. Sin embargo, tenemos un banco central aut\u00f3nomo que est\u00e1 acondicionado para ver que ella converja a la meta del 3% en el mediano plazo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG><EM>De ser presidente, \u00bfc\u00f3mo impulsar\u00eda Pi\u00f1era exactamente la creaci\u00f3n de empleo? <\/EM><\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><EM><\/EM>El mayor crecimiento generar\u00e1 m\u00e1s empleos, pero eso no es suficiente. Es necesario mejorar el acceso al empleo. Eso significa facilitar el trabajo desde la casa y hacer que el pre- y posnatal sean m\u00e1s flexibles. Eso es vital con el fin de permitir que las mujeres logren un equilibrio entre trabajo y familia.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El programa econ\u00f3mico de Pi\u00f1era tambi\u00e9n incluye una serie de otras propuestas tales como la incorporaci\u00f3n de jornadas laborales flexibles en los contratos negociados de manera colectiva, la extensi\u00f3n de los subsidios al empleo para otros sectores vulnerables, vouchers de capacitaci\u00f3n que le permitan a los trabajadores elegir d\u00f3nde y c\u00f3mo se capacitan, y la promoci\u00f3n de contratos de aprendizaje de manera que las empresas inviertan en sus trabajadores.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Sin embargo, para que Chile crezca a una tasa del 6%, tambi\u00e9n necesitamos impulsar la inversi\u00f3n. El objetivo de Pi\u00f1era es aumentar la inversi\u00f3n, medida en precios actuales, desde el 21% del PIB -el nivel que probablemente registre este a\u00f1o- a un 28% en el 2013.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG><EM>\u00bfC\u00f3mo lograr\u00eda eso? <\/EM><\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><EM><\/EM>El c\u00edrculo virtuoso que existe entre la inversi\u00f3n y el crecimiento ayudar\u00e1, pero tambi\u00e9n se requerir\u00e1n medidas adicionales, tales como un incentivo tributario temporal que emplea la depreciaci\u00f3n acelerada. En circunstancias m\u00e1s normales, eso quiz\u00e1s no ser\u00eda necesario, pero -dada la ca\u00edda del 15% en la inversi\u00f3n que se prev\u00e9 para este a\u00f1o- es vital.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El programa tambi\u00e9n contempla medidas espec\u00edficas para las peque\u00f1as y medianas empresas, incluidas iniciativas para incrementar su acceso al financiamiento. Como presidente, Pi\u00f1era tambi\u00e9n reactivar\u00eda el programa de concesiones p\u00fablicas de Chile us\u00e1ndolo no s\u00f3lo para hacer las mejoras necesarias en infraestructura, sino tambi\u00e9n para ampliarlas a \u00e1reas tales como la salud y la educaci\u00f3n.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG><EM>\u00bfQu\u00e9 pasa con los impuestos en general? \u00bfHabr\u00e1 alg\u00fan cambio en esta materia? <\/EM><\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><EM><\/EM>Como hemos dicho a menudo, no habr\u00e1 un cambio en el nivel general de impuestos, o en otras palabras, en la carga tributaria. En la actualidad, est\u00e1 bastante bien para un pa\u00eds con el nivel de ingresos de Chile. Sin embargo, el programa s\u00ed contempla ajustes a algunos impuestos con el fin de estimular el crecimiento y el empleo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG><EM>No es el problema de fondo que, despu\u00e9s de un aumento en la d\u00e9cada de los 90, \u00bfla productividad se ha estancado? <\/EM><\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><EM><\/EM>Es peor que eso. Las cifras duras y las proyecciones oficiales muestran que la productividad ha ca\u00eddo a\u00f1o tras a\u00f1o entre el 2006 y el 2009 a un promedio anual cercano al 0,5%. La mayor inversi\u00f3n y el aumento del empleo no son suficientes si adem\u00e1s no usamos mejor esos recursos y capital humano.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El crecimiento anual de la productividad en torno a un 1,5% es perfectamente factible. Hay que recordar que eso ser\u00eda s\u00f3lo la mitad de la tasa a la que crecimos entre los a\u00f1os 1986 y 1997.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Lo que se requiere es reformar al Estado, llenando m\u00e1s cargos de manera competitiva bas\u00e1ndose en el m\u00e9rito, y mejoras al sistema de evaluaci\u00f3n del retorno social sobre la inversi\u00f3n p\u00fablica. Tambi\u00e9n ser\u00e1 necesario modernizar las empresas p\u00fablicas. El Sistema de Empresas P\u00fablicas (SEP), que es responsable de supervisar a este tipo de compa\u00f1\u00edas, necesita d\u00e9 autonom\u00eda y hasta un 20% tanto de Codelco como de Enap podr\u00eda venderse, de preferencia a las administradoras privadas de fondos de pensiones (AFP) de modo que los trabajadores chilenos puedan tener una participaci\u00f3n en estas empresas.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El actual incentivo tributario para la investigaci\u00f3n y el desarrollo tambi\u00e9n deber\u00eda simplificarse y ampliarse para impulsar la ciencia y la innovaci\u00f3n. Las barreras al emprendimiento, como la burocracia y el tiempo necesario para iniciar un negocio, tienen que reducirse, adem\u00e1s se necesita una reforma de la ley de quiebras. Otros desaf\u00edos incluyen fomentar la competencia de mercado y, de manera crucial, elevar la calidad de la educaci\u00f3n.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG><EM>Esa es una lista larga\u2026<\/EM> <\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">S\u00ed, pero dejando a un lado las medidas, es la actitud lo que hace la diferencia. Necesitamos recuperar nuestro entusiasmo por hacer las cosas bien, por valorar el m\u00e9rito y la capacidad m\u00e1s que la lealtad pol\u00edtica. Debemos procurar ofrecer a los chilenos m\u00e1s y mejores oportunidades, con protecci\u00f3n social para los menos afortunados. Ese es el camino que deber\u00edamos estar recorriendo. <STRONG><\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>Ruth Bradley<\/STRONG> es la editora general de <STRONG>bUSiness CHILE<\/STRONG> adem\u00e1s de corresponsal en Santiago de The Economist.<\/P><!--:--><!--:en--><br \/>\n<!--break--><br \/>\nWith a PhD from Harvard University, Felipe Larra\u00edn is a professor of economics at the Catholic University in Chile, a consultant to many international and multilateral organizations and a director of a number of local companies. But &#8211; more to the point in the run-up to the December presidential election &#8211; he is also one of the main economic advisors to opposition candidate Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era. <\/p>\n<p>In the first of a series of pre-election interviews, bUSiness CHILE talked to Larra\u00edn about Pi\u00f1era\u2019s economic program and how he would fulfill his promise to give Chile back the high growth rates it enjoyed in the 1990s, but which have since proved elusive.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>Has Chile turned the corner of the recession? How much do you expect GDP to contract this year? <\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Chile is slowly recovering after four quarters of recession that started in the third quarter of 2008. There are signs that economic activity is stabilizing and probably edged up in the third quarter. However, over the whole year, the contraction will be of the order of 1.2% to 1.8%. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>Looking ahead, Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era is promising that, if elected, he would take Chile\u2019s growth rate back to 6%? How would he achieve that? <\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>First of all, this year\u2019s recession means idle capacity that can be brought back into production once the international economy recovers. For 2010, the International Monetary Fund is forecasting global growth of 2.5% and that will help the Chilean economy. Other than that, Pi\u00f1era\u2019s program will boost investment and employment and would allow for a major improvement in productivity.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>Consensus local forecasts still only suggest GDP growth of 3% in Chile next year; that would need pretty massive growth in 2011-2013 to give an average of 6% over the four-year period. <\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Growth will likely be closer to 4.5% next year; the requirements for 2011-2013 are demanding, but feasible. Pi\u00f1era\u2019s economic program envisages the creation of 200,000 jobs each year &#8211; in other words, twice the number created between 2006 and 2009 &#8211; as well as the eradication of extreme poverty by 2014. Those are ambitious goals but they\u2019re backed by a set of powerful policies.<\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s a virtuous circle between growth, employment and the reduction of poverty. In order to create 200,000 jobs a year, we need to grow much faster than we have since 1998 when the Chilean economy dropped into lethargy. In turn, higher job creation will stimulate growth because those new workers will demand goods and services.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>What about the structural fiscal surplus rule? By definition and intention, that reduces the economy\u2019s growth peaks as well as limiting its contraction during downturns. <\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pi\u00f1era is totally committed to maintaining a countercyclical fiscal rule. As with every policy rule, it is subject to improvement and, as it now stands, needs significantly more transparency.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>Inflation could also rebound. How concerned are you about that? <\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Inflation will certainly rebound from the negative levels accumulated so far this year. However, we have an autonomous Central Bank that is equipped to see that it converges to the 3% target over the medium term.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>As president, how exactly would Pi\u00f1era boost job creation? <\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Higher growth will generate more jobs, but that is not enough. Access to employment needs to be improved. That means facilitating work from home and making maternity leave more flexible. That\u2019s vital in order to allow women to achieve a balance between work and family.  <\/p>\n<p>Pi\u00f1era\u2019s economic program also includes a number of other proposals such as the incorporation of flexible working hours into collectively-negotiated contracts, the extension of employment subsidies to other vulnerable sectors, training vouchers to allow workers to choose where and how they train, and the promotion of apprenticeship contracts so that companies invest in their workers. <\/p>\n<p>But, for Chile to grow at 6%, we also need to boost investment. Pi\u00f1era\u2019s aim is to increase investment, measured at current prices, from 21% of GDP &#8211; its likely level this year &#8211; to 28% in 2013. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>How would he achieve that? <\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>The virtuous circle that exists between investment and growth would help but additional measures would also be required, such as a temporary tax incentive using accelerated depreciation. In more normal circumstances, that perhaps wouldn\u2019t be necessary but, given the 15% drop in investment expected this year, it\u2019s vital. <\/p>\n<p>The program also envisages specific measures for small and mid-sized enterprises, including initiatives to increase their access to financing. As president, Pi\u00f1era also would reactivate Chile\u2019s public works concessions program, not only using it to make necessary improvements in infrastructure but also extending it to areas such as education and health. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>What about taxes in general? Would there be any changes there? <\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>As we\u2019ve often stated, there wouldn\u2019t be a change in the overall level of taxes &#8211; in other words, the tax burden. That\u2019s currently about right for a country with Chile\u2019s income level. However, the program does envisage adjustments to some taxes in order to stimulate growth and employment.  <\/p>\n<p><b><i>Isn\u2019t the underlying problem that, after a surge in the 1990s, productivity has stagnated? <\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s worse than that. Hard data and official forecasts show productivity dropping every year between 2006 and 2009 at an average annual rate of around 0.5%. Higher investment and more jobs aren\u2019t enough if we don\u2019t also make better use of those resources and human capital.<\/p>\n<p>Annual growth of productivity of around 1.5% is perfectly feasible. You have to remember that it would only be half the rate at which it grew between 1986 and 1997. <\/p>\n<p>What\u2019s required is reform of the state, with more posts filled competitively on merit, and improvements to the system for evaluating the social return on public investment. Public enterprises also need to be modernized. The System of Public Companies (SEP), which is responsible for supervising the latter, needs to be given autonomy and up to 20% of both Codelco and Enap could be sold, preferably to the private pension funds (AFPs) so that Chilean workers can hold a stake in these companies.  <\/p>\n<p>The existing tax incentive for research and development should also be simplified and broadened to boost science and innovation. Barriers to entrepreneurship, like the bureaucracy and time required to open a business, need to be reduced, along with a reform of the bankruptcy law. Other challenges include fostering market competition and, crucially, raising the quality of education. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>That\u2019s a long list\u2026 <\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Yes, but measures apart, it is attitude that makes the difference. We need to recover our enthusiasm for doing things well, for valuing merit and ability rather than political loyalty. We must strive to offer Chileans more and better opportunities, with social protection for those who aren\u2019t successful. That\u2019s the road we should be treading. <\/p>\n<p><b>Ruth Bradley<\/b> is general editor of <b>bUSiness CHILE<\/b>. She is also the Santiago correspondent for The Economist.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><P>Doctorado de la Universidad de Harvard, Felipe Larra\u00edn es profesor de econom\u00eda de la Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, asesor de varias organizaciones internacionales y multilaterales adem\u00e1s de director de una serie de empresas locales. Pero -lo que es de mayor relevancia de cara a la elecci\u00f3n presidencial de diciembre- tambi\u00e9n es uno de los principales asesores econ\u00f3micos del candidato de la oposici\u00f3n Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era. <!--:--><!--:en-->With a PhD from Harvard University, Felipe Larra\u00edn is a professor of economics at the Catholic University in Chile, a consultant to many international and multilateral organizations and a director of a number of local companies. But &#8211; more to the point in the run-up to the December presidential election &#8211; he is also one of the main economic advisors to opposition candidate Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-4149","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Incrementando el Crecimiento de ChileGrowing Chile\u2019s Growth - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/incrementando-el-crecimiento-de-chile\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Incrementando el Crecimiento de ChileGrowing Chile\u2019s Growth - AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Doctorado de la Universidad de Harvard, Felipe Larra\u00edn es profesor de econom\u00eda de la Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, asesor de varias organizaciones internacionales y multilaterales adem\u00e1s de director de una serie de empresas locales. Pero -lo que es de mayor relevancia de cara a la elecci\u00f3n presidencial de diciembre- tambi\u00e9n es uno de los principales asesores econ\u00f3micos del candidato de la oposici\u00f3n Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era. With a PhD from Harvard University, Felipe Larra\u00edn is a professor of economics at the Catholic University in Chile, a consultant to many international and multilateral organizations and a director of a number of local companies. 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