{"id":4136,"date":"2009-08-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2009-08-01T01:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-01-23T15:48:39","modified_gmt":"2015-01-23T15:48:39","slug":"tras-la-moda-del-comercio-justo","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/tras-la-moda-del-comercio-justo\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->Tras la Moda del Comercio Justo<!--:--><!--:en-->Following the Fashion for Fair Trade<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><!--break--><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Busque en las estanter\u00edas de casi cualquier supermercado en Europa hoy en d\u00eda y encontrar\u00e1 sacos de caf\u00e9 o barras de chocolate rotulados con la etiqueta de Comercio Justo. Es un s\u00edmbolo en azul y verde sobre un c\u00edrculo negro que se ve ligeramente como el s\u00edmbolo chino del ying y el yang.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En Estados Unidos, tendr\u00e1 que mirar m\u00e1s bien con detenci\u00f3n para encontrar la etiqueta equivalente en blanco y negro, pero est\u00e1 en productos vendidos en tiendas minoristas como Whole Foods, Sam\u2019s Club y Wegmans.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Una etiqueta de comercio justo indica que un producto se elabor\u00f3 de acuerdo a ciertos est\u00e1ndares \u00e9ticos. Significa, por ejemplo, que el proveedor recibi\u00f3 un precio que al menos cubre sus costos de producci\u00f3n, que se le pag\u00f3 a tiempo y que tiene un compromiso a largo plazo con sus compradores, que no emplea mano de obra infantil o discrimina sobre la base de g\u00e9nero, edad o raza y que tiene un comportamiento amigable con el medio ambiente.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El concepto se origin\u00f3 en Europa a fines de la d\u00e9cada de los 60. La idea era garantizar que los agricultores del mundo en desarrollo recibieran un precio justo y se les protegiera de los caprichos y bruscos cambios de precio de los mercados internacionales de los bienes b\u00e1sicos.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">A medida que el concepto se impon\u00eda, empresas como Traidcraft en Gran Brate\u00f1a, GEPA en Alemania y Oxfam Fairtrade en B\u00e9lgica comenzaron a importar bienes desde el mundo en desarrollo en virtud de principios de comercio justo, traspasando el costo adicional a sus clientes que pod\u00edan (y a\u00fan pueden) esperar pagar una prima de entre un 10% y un 15%.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Por a\u00f1os, el comercio justo fue un mercado de nicho para los europeos de clase media con conciencia social, quienes pod\u00edan afrontar hacer un pago algo mayor por su caf\u00e9 nicarag\u00fcense o sus porotos verdes kenianos. Pero ahora es una pr\u00e1ctica muy com\u00fan particularmente en Gran Breta\u00f1a, el nuevo epicentro del movimiento.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Grandes minoristas brit\u00e1nicas como Tesco, Marks &amp; Spencer y Waitrose todas venden productos con acreditaci\u00f3n de comercio justo. Sainsbury\u2019s, una de las principales cadenas de supermercados del pa\u00eds, ahora compra todas sus bananas de fuentes con certificaci\u00f3n de comercio justo y Cadbury, el fabricante de chocolate m\u00e1s renombrado del pa\u00eds, est\u00e1 cambi\u00e1ndose a cacao producido bajo est\u00e1ndares de comercio justo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La moda del comercio justo tambi\u00e9n parece estar cruzando el Atl\u00e1ntico y echando ra\u00edces en Estados Unidos. \u201cNo estamos ni cerca de donde quisi\u00e9ramos o de nuestro colegas en Reino Unido\u201d, se\u00f1ala Todd Stark, gerente de operaciones de TransFair USA, la organizaci\u00f3n que promueve el comercio justo en Estados Unidos.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cPero realmente esperamos que durante los pr\u00f3ximos cinco a\u00f1os m\u00e1s o menos, veamos una conciencia mucho mayor sobre los productos de comercio justo aqu\u00ed\u201d, afirma. \u201cEs un negocio de nicho ahora, pero no tiene que serlo\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Ben &amp; Jerry\u2019s, Starbucks y Dunkin\u2019 Donuts figuran entre las grandes empresas minoristas de Estados Unidos que ya obtienen algunos de sus ingredientes de productores con certificaci\u00f3n de comercio justo. A fines del a\u00f1o pasado, se vendieron en Estados Unidos las primeras botellas de vino con acreditaci\u00f3n de comercio justo e incluyeron un sauvignon blanc chileno -Wandering Grape- elaborado en el Valle del Maule, cerca de Talca.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En total, las ventas de comercio justo en Estados Unidos recaudaron US$1.100 millones el a\u00f1o pasado y crecieron un 10% respecto de 2007, pese a la desaceleraci\u00f3n de la econom\u00eda. Como porcentaje de las ventas totales de alimentos y bebidas, con menos de un 1%, a\u00fan son muy peque\u00f1as, pero un reciente sondeo encargado por Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO), entidad que establece los est\u00e1ndares para el movimiento, concluy\u00f3 que el 57% de los consumidores estadounidenses gastar\u00eda al menos un 5% m\u00e1s por productos con el sello de comercio justo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG>Oportunidades de Exportaci\u00f3n<\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En Chile, ahora hay 17 productores que cuentan con certificaci\u00f3n de comercio para art\u00edculos como vino, miel y frutos secos, que exportan a Europa y Estados Unidos, y otros 20 m\u00e1s o menos est\u00e1n intentando conseguir la certificaci\u00f3n FLO.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Entre los m\u00e1s exitosos est\u00e1 Apicoop, el cuarto mayor exportador de miel de Chile. Con sede en Paillaco, cerca de Valdivia, la compa\u00f1\u00eda se origin\u00f3 en 1980, produciendo para el mercado interno, pero su fortuna cambi\u00f3 en 1987, cuando rechaz\u00f3 a un cliente chileno clave.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cEst\u00e1bamos en negociaciones con una de las principales cadenas de supermercados y las condiciones que nos ofrec\u00edan eran bastante injustas\u201d, se\u00f1ala el gerente de Apicoop, Juan Eduardo Henr\u00edquez. \u201cEstaban dispuestos a pagarnos s\u00f3lo 90 d\u00edas despu\u00e9s de emitida la factura y quer\u00edan rebajar el precio de nuestra miel en un 27% respecto del valor del a\u00f1o anterior\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Algunos meses despu\u00e9s, GEPA llen\u00f3 el vac\u00edo y acord\u00f3 comprar la miel excedente de Apicoop a un precio m\u00e1s alto que el que hab\u00eda ofrecido la cadena de supermercados y pagarle en un menor plazo. La relaci\u00f3n floreci\u00f3 y GEPA sigue siendo uno de sus clientes m\u00e1s importantes.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Apicoop tambi\u00e9n vende miel a la brit\u00e1nica Traidcraft, que se compromete a pagar a sus proveedores en un plazo de cinco d\u00edas desde emitida la factura e incluso paga la mitad por adelantado. Henr\u00edquez se\u00f1ala que la estabilidad de precios ofrecida por empresas como Traidcraft y GEPA es un regalo de Dios para los peque\u00f1os productores.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Ello resulta particularmente cierto en el caso de la agricultura, afirma, donde los precios pueden variar de manera violenta de un a\u00f1o a otro, dependiendo del tama\u00f1o y la calidad de las cosechas. \u201cPermite que los productores planifiquen por m\u00e1s de un a\u00f1o a la vez y que comiencen a pensar a largo plazo\u201d, destaca.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Rafael Espinoza, presidente de Lautaro Wines, cuenta una historia similar. Su vi\u00f1a cerca de Curic\u00f3 exporta vino con certificaci\u00f3n de comercio justo a Canad\u00e1 y a nueve pa\u00edses de Europa, y pronto espera comenzar a exportar a Estados Unidos.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La vi\u00f1a compra uvas de 22 productores locales y el beneficio para ellos qued\u00f3 de manifiesto dr\u00e1sticamente en 2007 cuando una cosecha abundante de uva en Chile gener\u00f3 un exceso del insumo. Los pecios cayeron incluso hasta 60 pesos por kilo, monto inferior al costo de producci\u00f3n, se\u00f1ala Espinoza, pero Lautaro, protegida con contratos de comercio justo con importadores europeos, continu\u00f3 pagando m\u00e1s de 100 pesos por kilo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Espinoza tambi\u00e9n destaca los beneficios sociales del comercio justo. Adem\u00e1s del precio m\u00ednimo garantizado, los compradores de comercio justo como GEPA y Traidcraft son obligados por la FLO a pagar a sus proveedores una prima -calculada como un porcentaje de las ventas- que debe ser invertida en proyectos de bienestar social.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cInyectamos este dinero en salud y educaci\u00f3n para nuestros trabajadores\u201d, afirma Espinoza. \u201cActualmente tenemos cerca de 30 ni\u00f1os -los hijos de nuestros cosechadores de uva- que se encuentran en distintas etapas de estudio, desde el colegio hasta la universidad; sin el comercio justo, una mont\u00f3n de ni\u00f1os no habr\u00eda tenido esas oportunidades\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG>\u00bfQu\u00e9 Constituye el Comercio Justo?<\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Entonces, si el comercio justo ofrece a los productores un creciente mercado internacional, una garant\u00eda de que sus costos se satisfar\u00e1n y dinero extra para desembolsar en bienestar social, \u00bfpor qu\u00e9 tan pocas empresas en Chile se han subido al carro?<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Parte de la respuesta radica en la falta de conocimiento. Pero hay otros problemas tambi\u00e9n, la mayor parte de los cuales surge de una pregunta fundamental: \u00bfqui\u00e9n decide qu\u00e9 constituye el comercio justo?<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La labor de establecer los est\u00e1ndares recae en la FLO, una federaci\u00f3n de asociaciones nacionales con sede en Alemania, mientras que la responsabilidad de verificar que esos est\u00e1ndares se cumplan recae en su agencia hermana, FLO-CERT.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Si FLO es el legislador internacional del movimiento del comercio justo, entonces FLO-CERT es su polic\u00eda internacional. Pero su trabajo es extremadamente complejo, porque est\u00e1n tratando de establecer reglas para todo tipo de productos provenientes de pa\u00edses que tienen enormes diferencias en sus condiciones econ\u00f3micas y sociales.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">FLO tiene una lista de \u201cest\u00e1ndares gen\u00e9ricos de comercio\u201d a los que deben adherir todos los operadores de comercio justo, pero -cuando se trata de detalles espec\u00edficos- no se pueden aplicar las mismas reglas para, digamos, una gran empresa bananera en Ecuador y un campo productor de frutas administrado por una familia en Chile. De modo que, adem\u00e1s de sus \u201cest\u00e1ndares gen\u00e9ricos de comercio\u201d, FLO tiene un mont\u00f3n de \u201cest\u00e1ndares espec\u00edficos por producto\u201d que cubren de todo desde frutos secos hasta qu\u00ednoa y algod\u00f3n.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Tambi\u00e9n tiene una lista de precios m\u00ednimos y m\u00e1ximos para todos los productos que certifica y una \u201clista de insumos prohibidos\u201d como herbicidas y fungicidas. Incluso hay una definici\u00f3n de lo que constituye el largo m\u00ednimo (16 cm) y el ancho m\u00ednimo (27 mm) de una banana producida bajo los est\u00e1ndares de comercio justo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">FLO sostiene que esta atenci\u00f3n a los detalles es esencial para garantizar que los est\u00e1ndares del comercio justo se mantengan. No obstante, los cr\u00edticos del sistema se\u00f1alan que es burocr\u00e1tico y se traga el dinero que deber\u00eda destinarse a agricultores pobres en el mundo en v\u00edas de desarrollo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Los productores tienen que pagar por la certificaci\u00f3n FLO -cerca de US$2.500 para una empresa peque\u00f1a- y despu\u00e9s deben pagar nuevamente por las inspecciones anuales. Muchos agricultores se\u00f1alan que no pueden costear la certificaci\u00f3n o que, incluso si pudieran, no vale su tiempo y dinero.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Como profesor de pol\u00edticas alimentarias de la City University en Londres, Tim Lang ha graficado el crecimiento del movimiento del comercio justo desde sus inicios y, si bien lo defiende, reconoce los problemas.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cCreo que la mayor cr\u00edtica que debe hacerse al comercio justo es que la cantidad de dinero que llega al productor primario cuando se tiene una larga cadena mundial de suministro a\u00fan es peque\u00f1a\u201d, sostiene. \u201cTodav\u00eda mucho m\u00e1s dinero de, digamos, una banana va a parar al supermercado m\u00e1s que al productor primario\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Lang tambi\u00e9n admite que ha habido casos donde \u201cel compromiso social no ha sido tan bueno como deber\u00eda ser\u201d y, por ejemplo, las primas de comercio justo no han llegado a los agricultores a los que se suponen tienen que ayudar.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Otro problema es que la FLO s\u00f3lo certifica ciertos productos -bienes b\u00e1sicos como caf\u00e9, t\u00e9, az\u00facar y fruta- y no bienes manufacturados como joyer\u00eda y artesan\u00eda. Entonces, \u00bfc\u00f3mo obtienen una certificaci\u00f3n de comercio justo los productores de esos bienes?<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Una respuesta es convertirse en miembro de la World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO), que tiene su propia etiqueta. Sus miembros simplemente tienen que demostrar que adhieren a los \u201c10 Principios de Comercio Justo\u201d de la WFTO, las que cubre cosas como condiciones laborales, transparencia, salarios, medio ambiente y equidad de g\u00e9nero.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Las puntuaciones de los peque\u00f1os productores y firmas manufactureras de Chile cumplen esos criterios y muchos de ellos ya presumen de sus acreditaciones de la WFTO para que les ayuden a exportar a Estados Unidos y otras partes. Sin embargo, el peligro radica en que esta definici\u00f3n de qu\u00e9 constituye comercio justo est\u00e1 tan diluida que llega a carecer de significado.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Tales problemas dejan al movimiento del comercio justo vulnerable a las cr\u00edticas respecto de que es un concepto muy vago o que est\u00e1 envolviendo al comercio en un manto de burocracia, al proteger a agricultores ineficientes ofreci\u00e9ndoles un precio artificialmente alto por sus bienes, o que simplemente es un veh\u00edculo para el proteccionismo disfrazado.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Pero, ya sea en la estanter\u00eda de un supermercado en Gran Breta\u00f1a o en un caf\u00e9 Starbucks en Estados Unidos, el mercado del comercio justo parece listo para seguir creciendo. Y cualquiera sean los temas m\u00e1s generales, este podr\u00eda -al menos en teor\u00eda- beneficiar a cientos de peque\u00f1os productores en Chile si aprovechan las oportunidades.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG>Productos con Certificaci\u00f3n de Comercio Justo en Chile<\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En Chile, tendr\u00e1 dificultades por ahora para encontrar una etiqueta de comercio justo, pero eso podr\u00eda cambiar pronto si la presi\u00f3n de los consumidores crece, se\u00f1ala Gerardo Wijnant, gerente general de Comparte. Su compa\u00f1\u00eda sin fines de lucro con sede en Santiago, lanz\u00f3 recientemente una campa\u00f1a orientada a persuadir a las grandes empresas minoristas de Chile para que comiencen a ofrecer productos con certificaci\u00f3n de comercio justo.\u201cSer\u00eda genial si pudi\u00e9ramos hacer que, digamos, Jumbo o L\u00edder se interesen y coloquen stands ofreciendo productos de comercio justo a sabiendas de que tarde o temprano los consumidores comenzar\u00e1n a exigirlos de todos modos\u201d, afirma.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Los consumidores chilenos, en particular los j\u00f3venes, est\u00e1n cada vez m\u00e1s interesados en d\u00f3nde y c\u00f3mo se produjeron sus alimentos, argumenta. \u201cMire la comida org\u00e1nica\u201d, se\u00f1ala. \u201cNadie hablaba de ella en Chile hace 15 o 20 a\u00f1os, pero ahora s\u00ed; el nivel de conciencia sobre estos temas est\u00e1 creciendo d\u00eda a d\u00eda\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>Gideon Long<\/STRONG> se desempe\u00f1a como periodista freelance en Santiago y adem\u00e1s trabaja para la BBC.<\/P><!--:--><!--:en--><br \/>\n<!--break--><br \/>\n<b><I>Long established in Europe, the fair trade movement is also gaining momentum in the United States, but what does it mean for Chilean exporters? <\/b><\/I><\/p>\n<p>Browse the shelves of almost any supermarket in Europe these days and you\u2019ll find bags of coffee or bars of chocolate carrying the Fair Trade label. It\u2019s a blue and green swoosh on a black circle that looks slightly like a Chinese yin and yang sign. <\/p>\n<p>In the United States, you\u2019ll have to look rather harder to find the equivalent black and white label, but it is there on products sold in retail outlets like Whole Foods, Sam\u2019s Club and Wegmans. <\/p>\n<p>A fair trade label indicates that a product has been made according to certain ethical standards. It means, for example, that the supplier has received a price that at least covers its production costs, that it has been paid on time and has a long-term commitment from its buyers and that it does not use child labor or discriminate on grounds of gender, age or race and is environmentally friendly.<\/p>\n<p>The concept originated in Europe in the late 1960s. The idea was to ensure that farmers in the developing world received a fair price and were protected from the vagaries and violent price swings of international commodity markets.<\/p>\n<p>As it took hold, companies like Traidcraft in Britain, GEPA in Germany and Oxfam Fairtrade in Belgium began to import goods from the developing world according to fair trade principles, passing on the extra cost to their consumers who could expect (and still can) to pay a premium of around 10-15%. <\/p>\n<p>For years, fair trade was a niche market for middle-class, socially conscious Europeans who could afford to pay a little extra for their Nicaraguan coffee or Kenyan green beans. But it\u2019s now gone mainstream particularly in Britain, the movement\u2019s new epicenter. <\/p>\n<p>Big British retailers like Tesco, Marks &#038; Spencer and Waitrose all sell fair trade products. Sainsbury\u2019s, one of the country\u2019s largest supermarket chains, now buys all its bananas from fair trade sources and Cadbury, the country\u2019s best-known chocolate maker, is switching to fair trade cocoa.  <\/p>\n<p>The fashion for fair trade also appears to be crossing the Atlantic and taking root in the United States. \u201cWe\u2019re not nearly as far along as we would like or as our colleagues in the UK,\u201d says Todd Stark, chief operating officer of TransFair USA, the organization that promotes fair trade in the United States. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cBut we really expect that over the next five years or so, we\u2019ll see a much greater awareness of fair trade products here,\u201d he says. \u201cIt\u2019s a niche business now but it doesn\u2019t have to be.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Ben &#038; Jerry\u2019s, Starbucks and Dunkin\u2019 Donuts are among the big U.S. retailers already sourcing some of their ingredients from fair trade producers. Late last year, the first bottles of fair trade certified wine were sold in the U.S. and included a Chilean sauvignon blanc &#8211; Wandering Grape &#8211; made in the Maule Valley near Talca.<\/p>\n<p>In all, fair trade sales in the United States reaped US$1.1 billion last year and grew by 10% from 2007, despite the downturn in the economy. As a percentage of overall food and beverage sales, they are, at less than 1%, still tiny, but a recent survey commissioned by Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO), which sets the standards for the movement, found that 57% of U.S. consumers would spend at least 5% more for fair trade products. <\/p>\n<p><font size= \u201c2\u201d> <b>Export opportunities <\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p>In Chile, there are now 17 fair trade certified producers of items such as wine, honey and dried fruit, exporting to Europe and the U.S., and another 20 or so who are seeking FLO certification.<\/p>\n<p>Among the most successful is Apicoop, Chile\u2019s fourth biggest honey exporter. Based in Paillaco near Valdivia, it started life in 1980, producing for the domestic market, but its fortunes changed in 1987 when it turned its back on a key Chilean client.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe were in talks with one of the big supermarket chains and the conditions they offered us were quite unfair,\u201d says Apicoop\u2019s manager Juan Eduardo Henr\u00edquez. \u201cThey were only prepared to pay us 90 days after invoicing and wanted to drop the price for our honey by 27% from the previous year.&#8221; <\/p>\n<p>Within months, GEPA had stepped into the breach, agreeing to buy Apicoop\u2019s surplus honey at a higher price than the supermarket chain had offered and to pay more quickly. The relationship flourished and GEPA remains one of its most important clients.<\/p>\n<p>Apicoop also sells honey to Britain\u2019s Traidcraft, which pledges to pay its suppliers within five days of invoicing and even pays half the money in advance. Henr\u00edquez says the price stability offered by companies like Traidcraft and GEPA is a godsend for small producers.<\/p>\n<p>That&#8217;s particularly the case in agriculture, he says, where prices can swing violently from one year to another, depending on the size and quality of harvests. \u201cIt allows producers to plan for more than a year at a time and to start thinking long-term,\u201d he points out. <\/p>\n<p>Rafael Espinoza, president of Lautaro Wines, tells a similar story. His vineyard near Curic\u00f3 exports fair trade certified wine to Canada and nine European countries and soon hopes to start exporting to the U.S. <\/p>\n<p>It buys grapes from 22 local farmers and the benefit to them was dramatically highlighted in 2007 when a bumper grape harvest in Chile led to a glut. Prices slumped to as little as 60 pesos per kilo &#8211; less than the cost of production, says Espinoza &#8211; but Lautaro, cushioned by its fair trade contracts with European importers, continued to pay well over 100 pesos per kilo. <\/p>\n<p>Espinoza also highlights the social benefits of fair trade. As well as the minimum price guarantee, fair trade buyers like GEPA and Traidcraft are obliged by FLO to pay their suppliers a premium &#8211; calculated as a percentage of sales &#8211; which must be invested in social welfare projects.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019ve put this money into health and education for our workers,\u201d Espinoza says. \u201cWe currently have around 30 children &#8211; the children of our grape growers &#8211; who are at various stages of studying, from school to university; without fair trade, a lot of those children wouldn\u2019t have had those opportunities.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><font size= \u201c2\u201d> <b>What constitutes fair trade?<\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p>So, if fair trade offers producers an expanding international market, a guarantee that their costs will be met and extra money to spend on social welfare, why have so few companies in Chile jumped on the bandwagon? <\/p>\n<p>Part of the answer lies in lack of awareness. But there are other problems too, most of which stem from one fundamental question: who decides what constitutes fair trade? <\/p>\n<p>The task of setting standards falls to FLO, a federation of national associations based in Germany, while the task of checking whether those standards are being upheld falls to its sister agency, FLO-CERT. <\/p>\n<p>If FLO is the international legislator of the fair trade movement, then FLO-CERT is its international policeman. But their job is mind-numbingly complex because they are trying to establish rules for all sorts of products from countries with massively different economic and social conditions. <\/p>\n<p>FLO has a list of \u2018generic trade standards\u2019 to which all fair trade operators must adhere but, when you get down to specifics, you can\u2019t apply the same rules to, say, a big banana growing company in Ecuador and a family-run fruit farm in Chile. So, as well as its \u2018generic trade standards\u2019, FLO has a raft of \u2018specific product standards\u2019 that cover everything from dried fruit to quinoa to cotton. <\/p>\n<p>It also has a list of minimum and maximum prices for all the products it certifies and a \u2018prohibited materials list\u2019 of herbicides and fungicides. There is even a definition of what constitutes the minimum length (16 cm) and minimum width (27 mm) of a fair trade banana.<\/p>\n<p>FLO says this attention to detail is essential to ensure the standards of fair trade are upheld. Critics of the system, however, say it is bureaucratic and swallows up money that should go to poor farmers in the developing world. <\/p>\n<p>Producers have to pay for FLO certification &#8211; around US$2,500 for a small company &#8211; and then again for annual inspections. Many farmers say they either cannot afford to certify or, even if they can, that it\u2019s not worth their time and money.<\/p>\n<p>As professor of food policy at City University in London, Tim Lang has charted the growth of the fair trade movement since its early days and, while he is an advocate, he acknowledges the problems. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cI think the big criticism to be made of fair trade is that the amount of money that gets to the primary producer when you have a long global supply chain is still tiny,\u201d he says. \u201cStill vastly more money out of, say, a banana goes to the supermarket than to the primary grower.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>He also admits there have been cases where \u201cthe social engagement has not been as good as it should be\u201d and, for example, fair trade premiums have not reached the farmers they are supposed to help. <\/p>\n<p>Another problem is that FLO only certifies certain products &#8211; commodities like coffee, tea, sugar and fruit &#8211; and not manufactured goods like jewelry and handicrafts. So, how do producers of those goods gain fair trade certification? <\/p>\n<p>One answer is to become a member of the World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO), which has its own label. Its members simply have to prove that they adhere to the WFTO\u2019s \u2018Ten Principles of Fair Trade\u2019, which cover things like working conditions, transparency, wages, the environment and gender equality. <\/p>\n<p>Scores of tiny producers and manufacturers in Chile meet those criteria and many of them are already trumpeting their WFTO credentials to help them export to the U.S. and elsewhere. The danger is, though, that this definition of what constitutes fair trade is so watered down as to be meaningless.<\/p>\n<p>Such issues leave the fair trade movement open to criticism that it is too vague a concept or that it is wrapping trade in a swathe of red tape, protecting inefficient farmers by offering them an artificially high price for their goods, or that it is simply a vehicle for disguised protectionism. <\/p>\n<p>But, whether on a supermarket shelf in Britain or a Starbucks caf\u00e9 in the United States, the market for fair trade goods appears set for further growth. And whatever the broader questions, this could, in theory at least, benefit hundreds of small producers in Chile if they take advantage of the opportunities. <\/p>\n<p><font size= \u201c2\u201d> <b>Fair trade products in Chile <\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p>In Chile, you\u2019ll struggle to find a fair trade label at the moment but that could soon change if consumer pressure grows, says Gerardo Wijnant, general manager of Comparte. His not-for-profit company, based in Santiago, recently launched a campaign to persuade Chile\u2019s big retailers to start offering fair trade products.\u201cIt would be great if we could get, say, Jumbo or L\u00edder interested and have  them set up stands offering fair trade products in the knowledge that sooner or later consumers are going to start demanding them anyway,\u201d he says.  <\/p>\n<p>Chilean consumers, particularly the young, are increasingly interested in where and how their food was produced, he argues.  \u201cLook at organic food,\u201d he says. \u201cNo one talked about it in Chile 15 or 20 years ago but now they do; every day, awareness of these types of issues is increasing.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>Gideon Long<\/b> is a freelance journalist based in Santiago. He also works for the BBC.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><P><EM>&nbsp;<\/EM><\/P><br \/>\n<P>Instaurado desde hace mucho tiempo en Europa, el movimiento por el comercio justo tambi\u00e9n est\u00e1 ganando impulso en Estados Unidos, pero \u00bfqu\u00e9 significa eso para los exportadores chilenos? Una etiqueta de comercio justo indica que un producto se elabor\u00f3 de acuerdo a ciertos est\u00e1ndares \u00e9ticos. Significa, por ejemplo, que el proveedor recibi\u00f3 un precio que al menos cubre sus costos de producci\u00f3n, que se le pag\u00f3 a tiempo y que tiene un compromiso a largo plazo con sus compradores, que no emplea mano de obra infantil o discrimina sobre la base de g\u00e9nero, edad o raza y que tiene un comportamiento amigable con el medio ambiente. <!--:--><!--:en-->Long established in Europe, the fair trade movement is also gaining momentum in the United States, but what does it mean for Chilean exporters? <\/p>\n<p>A fair trade label indicates that a product has been made according to certain ethical standards. It means, for example, that the supplier has received a price that at least covers its production costs, that it has been paid on time and has a long-term commitment from its buyers and that it does not use child labor or discriminate on grounds of gender, age or race and is environmentally friendly.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-4136","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tras la Moda del Comercio JustoFollowing the Fashion for Fair Trade - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/tras-la-moda-del-comercio-justo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tras la Moda del Comercio JustoFollowing the Fashion for Fair Trade - AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&nbsp; Instaurado desde hace mucho tiempo en Europa, el movimiento por el comercio justo tambi\u00e9n est\u00e1 ganando impulso en Estados Unidos, pero \u00bfqu\u00e9 significa eso para los exportadores chilenos? Una etiqueta de comercio justo indica que un producto se elabor\u00f3 de acuerdo a ciertos est\u00e1ndares \u00e9ticos. Significa, por ejemplo, que el proveedor recibi\u00f3 un precio que al menos cubre sus costos de producci\u00f3n, que se le pag\u00f3 a tiempo y que tiene un compromiso a largo plazo con sus compradores, que no emplea mano de obra infantil o discrimina sobre la base de g\u00e9nero, edad o raza y que tiene un comportamiento amigable con el medio ambiente. Long established in Europe, the fair trade movement is also gaining momentum in the United States, but what does it mean for Chilean exporters?   A fair trade label indicates that a product has been made according to certain ethical standards. It means, for example, that the supplier has received a price that at least covers its production costs, that it has been paid on time and has a long-term commitment from its buyers and that it does not use child labor or discriminate on grounds of gender, age or race and is environmentally friendly.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/tras-la-moda-del-comercio-justo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-01-23T15:48:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"21 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/tras-la-moda-del-comercio-justo\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/tras-la-moda-del-comercio-justo\\\/\",\"name\":\"Tras la Moda del Comercio JustoFollowing the Fashion for Fair Trade - AmCham Chile\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2009-08-01T01:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-01-23T15:48:39+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/tras-la-moda-del-comercio-justo\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/tras-la-moda-del-comercio-justo\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/tras-la-moda-del-comercio-justo\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Tras la Moda del Comercio JustoFollowing the Fashion for Fair Trade\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/\",\"name\":\"AmCham Chile\",\"description\":\"C\u00e1mara Chilena Norteamericana de Comercio\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Tras la Moda del Comercio JustoFollowing the Fashion for Fair Trade - AmCham Chile","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/tras-la-moda-del-comercio-justo\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Tras la Moda del Comercio JustoFollowing the Fashion for Fair Trade - AmCham Chile","og_description":"&nbsp; Instaurado desde hace mucho tiempo en Europa, el movimiento por el comercio justo tambi\u00e9n est\u00e1 ganando impulso en Estados Unidos, pero \u00bfqu\u00e9 significa eso para los exportadores chilenos? Una etiqueta de comercio justo indica que un producto se elabor\u00f3 de acuerdo a ciertos est\u00e1ndares \u00e9ticos. Significa, por ejemplo, que el proveedor recibi\u00f3 un precio que al menos cubre sus costos de producci\u00f3n, que se le pag\u00f3 a tiempo y que tiene un compromiso a largo plazo con sus compradores, que no emplea mano de obra infantil o discrimina sobre la base de g\u00e9nero, edad o raza y que tiene un comportamiento amigable con el medio ambiente. Long established in Europe, the fair trade movement is also gaining momentum in the United States, but what does it mean for Chilean exporters?   A fair trade label indicates that a product has been made according to certain ethical standards. 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