{"id":4074,"date":"2009-03-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2009-03-01T01:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-01-26T16:14:00","modified_gmt":"2015-01-26T16:14:00","slug":"enfrentando-la-crisis","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/enfrentando-la-crisis\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->Enfrentando la Crisis<!--:--><!--:en-->Tackling the Crisis<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><!--break--><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Si alguien a\u00fan cre\u00eda que Chile podr\u00eda escapar de la crisis financiera que ha afectado al mundo desde fines del 2008, con el discurso de la presidenta Michelle Bachelet a la naci\u00f3n televisado en la primera semana de este a\u00f1o, seguramente debe haber cambiado su opini\u00f3n.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cEl panorama econ\u00f3mico del mundo ha cambiado dram\u00e1ticamente\u201d, sostuvo. \u201cLos mercados financieros internacionales se remecieron como pocas veces en la historia. Los pa\u00edses avanzados ya est\u00e1n en recesi\u00f3n. Los precios del cobre y el petr\u00f3leo han ca\u00eddo al suelo en pocas semanas. (&#8230;) Debemos actuar, y actuar oportunamente. Enfrentar esta crisis internacional ser\u00e1 la prioridad de mi gobierno este a\u00f1o\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">D\u00edas despu\u00e9s, en un desayuno con los corresponsales extranjeros, el ministro de Hacienda de Chile, Andr\u00e9s Velasco, tambi\u00e9n advirti\u00f3 sobre las dificultades que se avecinaban. \u201cEl 2009 ser\u00e1 el a\u00f1o m\u00e1s dif\u00edcil, en d\u00e9cadas, para la econom\u00eda mundial\u201d, se\u00f1al\u00f3.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Pero Chile no est\u00e1 indefenso. Gracias a la pol\u00edtica antic\u00edclica vigente desde el 2001, puede darse el lujo de gastar -e incluso tener un importante d\u00e9ficit de presupuesto- sin alterar el plan macroecon\u00f3mico.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Durante los \u00faltimos dos a\u00f1os, Chile ha empleado los ingresos r\u00e9cord del cobre para ahorrar US$ 20.200 millones -o un 12% del PIB- en un fondo de patrimonio soberano, el Fondo de Estabilizaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mico y Social (FEES), dise\u00f1ado precisamente para recurrir a \u00e9l en tiempos como el que enfrentamos en la actualidad. Adem\u00e1s de convertir al pa\u00eds en un acreedor neto, esto significa que a diferencia de muchos otros pa\u00edses que est\u00e1n tratando de salir de la crisis con dinero prestado -o, en el caso de Argentina, recurriendo a los fondos privados de pensiones-, puede hacerlo sin comprometer sus perspectivas de crecimiento a m\u00e1s largo plazo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">A comienzos de enero, el Gobierno anunci\u00f3 un paquete de medidas fiscales por US$ 4.000 millones destinado a estimular la econom\u00eda local. Es extremadamente amplio y ofrece ayuda a todos desde compradores de viviendas y peque\u00f1as empresas hasta j\u00f3venes desempleados y la cupr\u00edfera estatal Codelco.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El Banco Central de Chile tambi\u00e9n est\u00e1 colaborando. En febrero, recort\u00f3 la tasa de inter\u00e9s referencial en 250 puntos base a un 4,75% y se prev\u00e9n nuevos recortes, quiz\u00e1s a un 3%, lo que, a medida que la inflaci\u00f3n registra una pronunciada baja, ser\u00eda equivalente a cerca de un 0% en t\u00e9rminos reales.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Pero la crisis ciertamente se est\u00e1 haciendo sentir. En un reciente sondeo de la encuestadora local Opina, publicado por el diario El Mercurio, s\u00f3lo el 52% de los consultados sostuvo que ya se hab\u00eda visto afectado hasta ahora, pero el 65% reconoci\u00f3 que hab\u00eda efectuado recortes a su gasto personal, donde los desembolsos en alimentos y vestuario figuraron entre los mayores recortes.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cSe puede ver el efecto de la crisis en la tienda\u201d, se\u00f1ala Alejandra Riveros, quien trabaja en el departamento de personal de una de las mayores cadenas de tiendas por departamento de Chile. \u201cHay muchas ofertas especiales en este momento, pero no hay muchos clientes aprovech\u00e1ndolas\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Entonces, \u00bfest\u00e1n haciendo lo suficiente las autoridades? \u00bfSus medidas est\u00e1n apuntando a los objetivos correctos y se est\u00e1n implementando de una manera suficientemente oportuna y eficiente? Si la crisis empeora, \u00bfqu\u00e9 m\u00e1s podr\u00edan hacer el Gobierno, el Banco Central y la comunidad empresarial de Chile para evitar que la econom\u00eda caiga en el abismo?<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG>No Tan Modesto<\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Comparado con paquetes de est\u00edmulo fiscal de varios miles de millones de d\u00f3lares m\u00e1s anunciados por Estados Unidos y Europa, el plan de US$ 4.000 millones anunciado por Chile parece modesto. Pero en realidad representa un 2,8% del PIB, un porcentaje mayor que el de muchos pa\u00edses m\u00e1s grandes.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El Gobierno espera y prev\u00e9 que el paquete a\u00f1ada un punto porcentual completo al PIB de 2009, contribuyendo a una tasa de crecimiento de entre un 2% y un 3%. Sin embargo, muchos economistas est\u00e1s esc\u00e9pticos y temen que Chile podr\u00eda entrar en una recesi\u00f3n por primera vez desde la crisis asi\u00e1tica a fines de la d\u00e9cada de los 90.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">De hecho, si el crecimiento del PIB se midiera de acuerdo a una comparaci\u00f3n trimestre con trimestre -como es la pr\u00e1ctica habitual de los pa\u00edses industrializados- en lugar de compararlo con el mismo trimestre del a\u00f1o previo -como ocurre en Chile-, el pa\u00eds ya podr\u00eda estar en recesi\u00f3n. Cifras preliminares del Banco Central muestran una contracci\u00f3n del 0,1% entre el segundo y el tercer trimestre del a\u00f1o pasado y, antes de la publicaci\u00f3n de las cifras oficiales, analistas prev\u00e9n que se observe una ca\u00edda m\u00e1s pronunciada del crecimiento en el \u00faltimo trimestre de 2008.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El empleo es una preocupaci\u00f3n clave, no s\u00f3lo a nivel social y econ\u00f3mico sino que tambi\u00e9n en la arena pol\u00edtica, dadas las pr\u00f3ximas elecciones presidenciales que se celebrar\u00e1n en diciembre. En enero, la tasa de desempleo hab\u00eda alcanzado un 8,0%, un alza respecto del 7,2% registrado un a\u00f1o antes, y en las \u00faltimas semanas, ha habido informes pr\u00e1cticamente diarios de despidos, en particular en los sectores de la miner\u00eda, construcci\u00f3n y comercio minorista.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Y a\u00fan donde no ha habido despidos, los empleados est\u00e1n pasando apuros. Riveros cuenta que, en la cadena de tiendas por departamento donde trabaja, los empleados han tenido que aceptar una reducci\u00f3n de la cantidad de horas que trabajan y una rebaja proporcional en el salario. Quienes trabajaban 45 horas semanales ahora est\u00e1n trabajando 40, sostiene, mientras que quienes estaban con 30 ahora trabajan 25.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Esa es la raz\u00f3n por la que, como parte del plan de est\u00edmulo, el Gobierno se comprometi\u00f3 a desembolsar US$ 700 millones en proyectos de infraestructura, adem\u00e1s de los US$ 7.000 millones destinados en el presupuesto de 2009. Tambi\u00e9n es uno de los motivos por los que el plan ha llamado la atenci\u00f3n del Banco Mundial como un buen ejemplo de una estrategia fiscal bien enfocada (vea el art\u00edculo de nuestra secci\u00f3n Enfoque).<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Los proyectos de obras p\u00fablicas demoran un tiempo extremadamente largo en implementarse, pero adem\u00e1s de los US$ 300 millones para la construcci\u00f3n de viviendas nuevas, el Gobierno ha destinado US$ 200 millones para caminos en los que los trabajos de mantenimiento puedan ,ojal\u00e1, comenzar casi inmediatamente.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Asimismo, reconociendo que los j\u00f3venes est\u00e1n en una situaci\u00f3n particularmente vulnerable, acord\u00f3 subsidiar los salarios de cerca de 300.000 trabajadores de bajos ingresos y cuyas edades fluct\u00faan entre los 18 y los 24 a\u00f1os. Ello ser\u00e1 un alivio para este grupo etario, que tiene una probabilidad tres veces mayor de ser desempleado que el trabajador promedio chileno.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Pero, seg\u00fan Cristi\u00e1n Gardeweg, economista del banco de inversi\u00f3n local Celfin Capital, algunas de las medidas m\u00e1s importantes del plan son los nuevos incentivos que entrega para la capacitaci\u00f3n laboral. \u201cLas medidas de empleo y capacitaci\u00f3n son dif\u00edciles de implementar, pero si se implementan bien, ayudar\u00e1n mucho a minimizar el impacto de la crisis\u201d, sostiene, \u201cy, en forma igualmente importante, nos ayudar\u00e1n a salir de la crisis en una posici\u00f3n m\u00e1s s\u00f3lida, en particular las iniciativas de capacitaci\u00f3n\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG>Peque\u00f1as Empresas <\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Las peque\u00f1as y medianas empresas (PYMES) de Chile crean la mayor parte de los empleos en el pa\u00eds y posiblemente sean las m\u00e1s afectadas por la crisis. Entonces, a\u00fan antes del anuncio de enero, el Gobierno estaba tomando medidas para protegerlas.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En noviembre, anunci\u00f3 que iba a triplicar el tama\u00f1o de su Fondo de Garant\u00eda para Peque\u00f1os Empresarios (FOGAPE). Tambi\u00e9n dispuso de m\u00e1s cr\u00e9ditos a trav\u00e9s de la Corporaci\u00f3n de Fomento (CORFO), su agencia de desarrollo econ\u00f3mico y -en una apuesta por dar a las peque\u00f1as empresas un impulso a su flujo de efectivo- redujo el pago provisional mensual (PPM) que tienen que hacer a cuenta de sus impuestos anuales a la renta.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Inevitablemente, las Pymes quisieran m\u00e1s. Iv\u00e1n Vuskovic, presidente de la Confederaci\u00f3n Nacional de la Micro, Peque\u00f1a. y Mediana Empresa de Chile (CONAPYME), que representa a unas 500.000 firmas, argumenta que para algunas el PPM representa apenas cerca de un 1% de su ingreso total.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La medida es \u201ccomo todas las medidas anunciadas por el Gobierno hasta ahora: est\u00e1 bien, pero no es m\u00e1s que un paliativo\u201d, se\u00f1ala.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La crisis ya ha comenzado a afectar a los due\u00f1os de almacenes, conductores de taxi, camioneros, due\u00f1os de restaurantes y a los cientos de manufactureros que est\u00e1n en la base de la econom\u00eda chilena, afirma Vuskovic. \u201cNo es que hayamos visto muchas quiebras -al menos no a\u00fan- pero la gente ciertamente ha comenzado a reestructurar sus negocios y desafortunadamente eso a menudo implica despedir gente\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Sin embargo, la principal queja de CONAPYME no es contra el Gobierno, sino contra el sistema bancario de Chile. Los bancos locales, menciona, se disponen a prestar dinero s\u00f3lo a las grandes empresas a expensas de los peque\u00f1os.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La agrupaci\u00f3n no est\u00e1 sola en las cr\u00edticas que formula a la banca. De hecho, casi todos en Chile la han responsabilizado en los \u00faltimos meses por exacerbar la crisis mediante la restricci\u00f3n del otorgamiento de cr\u00e9ditos, asfixiando as\u00ed a la actividad econ\u00f3mica.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El \u00faltimo sondeo del Banco Central sobre las condiciones para el cr\u00e9dito en Chile, publicado en enero, muestra en efecto que los bancos se han vuelto m\u00e1s cautos en la entrega de pr\u00e9stamos, y m\u00e1s de un 85% inform\u00f3 que hab\u00eda vuelto m\u00e1s estrictos los requisitos para el otorgamiento de cr\u00e9ditos comerciales en el \u00faltimo trimestre de 2008. De hecho, seg\u00fan la Superintendencia de Bancos, el regulador de la industria, el cr\u00e9dito bancario total registr\u00f3 una ligera contracci\u00f3n en diciembre y en enero, pero tambi\u00e9n lo hizo la demanda de cr\u00e9ditos.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG>Haciendo Circular el Dinero <\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Un aspecto del paquete fiscal anunciado en enero que ha sido particularmente elogiado es que incluyera un respaldo directo para las familias de menores ingresos del pa\u00eds. Durante marzo -un mes tradicionalmente costoso para los chilenos cuando los ni\u00f1os necesitan nuevos uniformes y textos de estudio en el comienzo del a\u00f1o escolar- ellas recibir\u00e1n un pago extraordinario de 40.000 pesos (unos US$ 66).<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Avaluado en un total cercano a los US$ 224 millones, estos subsidios ayudar\u00e1n no s\u00f3lo a las familias sino tambi\u00e9n a las empresas. Precisamente debido a que las familias son pobres, es probable que coloquen la mayor parte del dinero de vuelta directamente en la econom\u00eda, en lugar de ahorrarlo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Por otra parte, adem\u00e1s de reducir las tasas de inter\u00e9s, el Banco Central tambi\u00e9n ha estado inyectando efectivo en la econom\u00eda mediante subastas de d\u00f3lares y a trav\u00e9s de otras medidas. El Gobierno puede darse el lujo de hacerlo, con las reservas internacionales que, hasta comienzos de febrero, ascend\u00edan a US$ 23.400 millones (m\u00e1s de un 13% del PIB).<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Pero esa liquidez tendr\u00e1 poco efecto si no se coloca a trabajar como cr\u00e9ditos. Y ah\u00ed est\u00e1 la ra\u00edz de las cr\u00edticas a los bancos.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El tema ha mostrado ser controvertido. Por una parte, los bancos se\u00f1alan que tienen que proteger su negocio -y de hecho a toda la econom\u00eda- actuando con discreci\u00f3n, mientras que por otra, el Gobierno y las empresas de Chile los instan a flexibilizar su normativa para ayudar a revitalizar la econom\u00eda.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El ministro de Hacienda Velasco ha sido particularmente insistente en su llamado a una mayor cooperaci\u00f3n de la banca. \u201cUna cosa es actuar con sabidur\u00eda y prudencia, lo que todos buscamos y deseamos\u201d, dijo en enero, \u201cpero otra muy distinta es crear situaciones que despu\u00e9s se prestan para profec\u00edas autocumplidas\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En su defensa, los bancos destacan que fue el otorgamiento irresponsable de cr\u00e9ditos lo que -en primer lugar- llev\u00f3 al mundo a este desastre. M\u00e1s a\u00fan, el sistema bancario bien capitalizado de Chile es una de sus fortalezas clave de cara a la crisis, a\u00f1aden.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cPrefiero lejos la actitud de cautela de los bancos chilenos\u201d, se\u00f1ala Hern\u00e1n Somerville, presidente de la Asociaci\u00f3n de Bancos e Instituciones Financieras (ABIF). \u201cTuvimos nuestra propia experiencia local de una crisis bancaria a comienzos de la d\u00e9cada de los 80 y no es algo que quisiera atravesar de nuevo\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">No obstante, Somerville se\u00f1ala que entiende las preocupaciones de Velasco. \u201cEs un ministro de Gobierno y para ser honesto, si estuviera en sus zapatos, probablemente estar\u00eda diciendo lo mismo\u201d, reconoce.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cSer\u00e1 un a\u00f1o dif\u00edcil, sin lugar a dudas, pero a\u00fan estoy confiado\u201d sostuvo. Y as\u00ed tambi\u00e9n, relativamente, est\u00e1n la mayor\u00eda de los economistas.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Puede ser dif\u00edcil, afirman, pero gracias a las s\u00f3lidas pol\u00edticas de Chile, ser\u00e1 menos duro que en otros pa\u00edses latinoamericanos y tambi\u00e9n aquellos industrializados. Y, aun cuando la crisis internacional se agudice o se prolongue, quedan muchas herramientas fiscales.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Si bien es cierto que algunas medidas como la inversi\u00f3n en infraestructura, podr\u00edan no ser tan factibles o efectivas en una segunda vuelta. El hecho es que con el paquete anunciado en enero, Chile s\u00f3lo habr\u00e1 gastado un quinto de sus ahorros, y no hay muchos pa\u00edses que puedan decir eso.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG>Las Medidas<\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG><EM>Las principales medidas tomadas desde noviembre por el Gobierno de Chile para mitigar el efecto a nivel local de la crisis mundial son:<\/EM><\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u00b7 Aumento de los activos del Fondo de Garant\u00eda para Peque\u00f1os Empresarios (FOGAPE) a US$ 200 millones. Ampliar el alcance del fondo de manera que pueda usarse para entregar cr\u00e9ditos a empresas m\u00e1s grandes. Costo: US$ 130 millones.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u00b7 Incremento del capital de BancoEstado, el banco estatal. Costo: US$500 millones.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u00b7 Establecimiento de un fondo de estabilizaci\u00f3n de los precios del cobre para peque\u00f1as mineras. Costo durante los primeros 18 meses: US$ 18 millones.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u00b7 Gasto adicional en proyectos de infraestructura, incluidos US$ 300 millones para viviendas nuevas y US$ 200 millones para mejoras viales. Costo total: US$ 700 millones.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u00b7 Pago extraordinario de 40.000 pesos a 1,7 millones de las familias m\u00e1s pobres de Chile. Costo: US$ 224 millones.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u00b7 Eliminaci\u00f3n del pago del impuesto de sellos y estampillas a los cr\u00e9ditos durante 2009 y su reducci\u00f3n en un 50% en el primer semestre de 2010. Costo en 2009: US$ 628 millones.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u00b7 Subsidio a los salarios para unos 300.000 trabajadores de bajos ingresos de entre 18 y 24 a\u00f1os de edad. Costo: US$ 102 millones.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u00b7 Subsidios e incentivos para impulsar la capacitaci\u00f3n laboral. Costo en 2009: US$ 147 millones.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u00b7 Reducci\u00f3n del tama\u00f1o del Pago Provisional Mensual (PPM) de las empresas en un 15% para las PYMES y en un 7% para las empresas m\u00e1s grandes. Costo en 2009: US$ 460 millones.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u00b7 Inyecci\u00f3n de efectivo al Fondo Com\u00fan Municipal, que se distribuir\u00e1 entre los municipios m\u00e1s pobres de Chile. Costo: US$ 41 millones.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u00b7 Capitalizaci\u00f3n de Codelco. Costo: US$ 1.000 millones.\u00b7 Efectivo adicional para las l\u00edneas de cr\u00e9dito de factoring de CORFO. Costo: US$ 50 millones.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>Gideon Long<\/STRONG> se desempe\u00f1a como periodista freelance en Santiago y adem\u00e1s trabaja para la BBC.<\/P><!--:--><!--:en--><br \/>\n<!--break--><br \/>\n<b><I>As the global financial crisis sinks its teeth into the Chilean economy, <b>bUSiness CHILE<\/b> looks at the government\u2019s response and asks whether it is doing enough to save companies, livelihoods and jobs. <\/b><\/I><\/p>\n<p>If anyone still believed that Chile could escape the financial crisis that has gripped the world since late 2008, Michelle Bachelet\u2019s televised address to the nation in the first week of this year must surely have changed their minds.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe world economic outlook has changed dramatically,\u201d she said. \u201cInternational financial markets are shaking like almost never before. The developed countries are already in recession. The prices of copper and oil have hit the floor in just a few weeks&#8230; We have to act and act now. Tackling this international crisis will be my government\u2019s priority this year.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Days later, at a breakfast for foreign correspondents, Finance Minister Andr\u00e9s Velasco also warned of the difficulties ahead. \u201cThis is going to be the worst year for the world economy in decades,\u201d he said. <\/p>\n<p>But Chile is not without ammunition. Thanks to an anti-cyclical fiscal policy in force since 2001, it can afford to spend &#8211; and even run a substantial budget deficit &#8211; without upsetting the macroeconomic applecart. <\/p>\n<p>Over the last two years, it has used record copper revenues to save US$ 20.2 billion &#8211; or 12% of GDP &#8211; in a sovereign wealth fund, the Economic and Social Stabilization Fund (FEES), designed precisely to fall back on in times like the present. As well as making Chile a net sovereign creditor, this means that, unlike so many other countries that are trying to spend their way out of the crisis on borrowed money &#8211; or, in the case of Argentina, by raiding private pension funds &#8211; it can do so without compromising its longer-term growth prospects. <\/p>\n<p>In early January, the government unveiled a US$4-billion package of fiscal measures to stimulate the local economy. It is extremely comprehensive, offering help to everyone from house buyers and small businesses to unemployed teenagers and the state-owned copper giant Codelco.<\/p>\n<p>The Central Bank is helping too. In February, it slashed its benchmark interest rate by 250 basis points to 4.75% and further cuts are expected, perhaps to 3% which, as inflation drops sharply, would be equivalent to around 0% in real terms. <\/p>\n<p>But the crisis is clearly biting. In a recent survey by local pollsters Opina, published in El Mercurio newspaper, only 52% said they had been affected so far, but 65% acknowledged they had cut down on personal expenditure, with food and clothes as the biggest casualties. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou can see the impact of the crisis on the shop floor,\u201d says Alejandra Riveros, who works in the personnel department of one of Chile\u2019s biggest department store chains. \u201cThere are lots of special offers at the moment but there aren\u2019t many customers taking advantage of them.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>So are the authorities doing enough? Are their measures hitting the right spots and are they being implemented promptly and efficiently enough? If the crisis gets worse, what more could the government, the Central Bank and Chile\u2019s business community do to stop the economy sliding into an abyss?<\/p>\n<p><font size= \u201c2\u201d> <b> Not so modest<\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p>Compared to the multi-billion dollar fiscal stimulus packages announced by the United States and in Europe, Chile\u2019s US$ 4-billion plan looks modest. But it actually represents 2.8% of GDP, a higher percentage than in many larger countries.<\/p>\n<p>The government hopes and expects the package to add a full percentage point to GDP in 2009, contributing to a growth rate of between 2% and 3%. Many economists are skeptical, however, and fear that Chile might slip into recession this year for the first time since the Asian crisis of the late 1990s. <\/p>\n<p>Indeed, if GDP growth is measured quarter-on-quarter &#8211; as is the usual practice in industrialized countries &#8211; rather than over the same quarter of the previous year &#8211; as in Chile &#8211; Chile may already be in recession. Preliminary figures from the Central Bank show a 0.1% contraction between the second and third quarters of the last year and, ahead of the publication of official figures, analysts expect to see a larger dip in the last quarter. <\/p>\n<p>Jobs are a key concern, not only socially and economically but &#8211; with the next presidential election due in December &#8211; politically. By January, unemployment had reached 8.0%, up from 7.2% a year earlier, and in recent weeks, there have been almost daily reports of lay-offs, particularly in the mining, construction and retail sectors.<\/p>\n<p>And even where there haven\u2019t been lay-offs, employees are feeling the pinch. Riveros reports that, at her department store chain, employees have had to take a cut in working hours and a proportional cut in pay. Those who were working 45 hours a week are now working 40, she says, while those who were on 30 are down to 25. <\/p>\n<p>That is why, as part of the stimulus plan, the government vowed to spend US$ 700 million on infrastructure projects, in addition to the US$ 7 billion earmarked in the 2009 budget. It is also one reason why the World Bank has drawn attention to the plan as a good example of a well-focused fiscal strategy (see article on pg. 24).  <\/p>\n<p>Public works projects take a notoriously long time to implement but, as well as US$ 300 million for building new homes, the government has earmarked US$ 200 million for roads on which maintenance work can, it hopes, start almost immediately. <\/p>\n<p>In addition, recognizing that young people are particularly vulnerable, it has agreed to subsidize the salaries of around 300,000 low-income workers between the ages of 18 and 24. That will come as some relief to 18-24 year-olds, who are almost three times more likely to be unemployed than the average Chilean worker.<\/p>\n<p>But, according to Cristi\u00e1n Gardeweg, an economist at Celfin Capital, a local investment bank, some of the plan\u2019s most important measures are the new incentives it provides for training. \u201cThe employment and training measures are difficult to implement but if they\u2019re implemented well, they will help a lot in minimizing the impact of the crisis,\u201d he says, \u201cand, just as importantly, they\u2019ll help us emerge from the crisis in a stronger position, particularly the training incentives.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><font size= \u201c2\u201d> <b> Small businesses<\/b><\/I><\/p>\n<p>Chile\u2019s small and mid-sized businesses (PYMEs) create the vast majority of the country\u2019s jobs and are likely to bear the brunt of the crisis. So, even before January, the government was taking steps to protect them. <\/p>\n<p>In November, it announced it was tripling the size of its small business loan guarantee fund (FOGAPE). It has also made more credit available through CORFO, its economic development agency, and, in a bid to give small businesses a cash-flow boost, has reduced the provisional monthly payments (PPMs) they have to make on account of their year-end tax bill. <\/p>\n<p>Inevitably, PYMEs would like more. Iv\u00e1n Vuskovic, president of CONAPYME, an association that represents some 500,000 small businesses, argues that, for some, PPMs represent only around 1% of their total income.<\/p>\n<p>The measure is \u201clike all the measures announced by the government so far &#8211; it\u2019s fine but it\u2019s no more than a palliative,\u201d he says. <\/p>\n<p>The crisis has already started to hit the nation\u2019s shopkeepers, taxi drivers, truckers, restaurant owners and the hundreds of manufacturers at the grassroots of the Chilean economy, says Vuskovic. \u201cIt\u2019s not that we\u2019ve seen many bankruptcies &#8211; at least not yet &#8211; but people have certainly started restructuring their businesses and unfortunately that\u2019s often involved laying people off.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>CONAPYME\u2019s main gripe, however, is not with the government but with the Chilean banking system. Local banks, it argues, are geared towards lending only to the big companies at the expense of the little guys.<\/p>\n<p>It is not alone in criticizing the banks. Indeed, just about everyone has blamed them in recent months for exacerbating the downturn by restricting credit, thus strangling economic activity.<\/p>\n<p>The Central Bank\u2019s latest quarterly survey of credit conditions in Chile, published in January, does indeed show that banks have become more cautious lenders, with more than 85% reporting that they tightened commercial credit requirements in the last quarter of 2008. Indeed, according to the Superintendency of Banks, the industry regulator, total banking lending contracted slightly in December and January but, then, so too did demand for credit. <\/p>\n<p><font size= \u201c2\u201d> <b> Getting the money moving<\/b><\/I><\/p>\n<p>One aspect of the January fiscal package that has been particularly praised is the fact that it included direct support for the country\u2019s poorest families. During March &#8211; a traditionally costly month for Chileans when children need new uniforms and textbooks at the start of the school year &#8211; they will receive a one-off payment of 40,000 pesos (some US$ 66).  <\/p>\n<p>Worth a total of some US$ 224 million, these grants will help not only the families but also businesses. Precisely because the families are poor, they are likely to plough most of the money straight back into the economy, rather than saving it. <\/p>\n<p>As well as cutting interest rates, the Central Bank has also been injecting cash into the economy by auctioning dollars and through other measures. And, like the government, it can afford to do so, with international reserves that, as of early February, were running at US$ 23.4 billion (over 13% of GDP).<\/p>\n<p>But that liquidity will serve little purpose if it is not put to work in the form of lending. And that is at the root of criticism of the banks. <\/p>\n<p>The issue has proved divisive. On the one hand, the banks say they have to protect their business &#8211; and indeed the entire economy &#8211; by acting soberly, while on the other hand the government and Chilean businesses are urging them to relax their rules to help reinvigorate the economy.<\/p>\n<p>Finance Minister Velasco has been particularly insistent in his calls for greater bank cooperation. \u201cIt\u2019s one thing to act with wisdom and prudence; that\u2019s what we all want,\u201d he said in January, \u201cbut it\u2019s quite another to create situations which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>In their defense, the banks point out that it was irresponsible lending that got the world into this mess in the first place. Moreover, they add, Chile\u2019s well-capitalized banking system is one of its key strengths in the face of the crisis. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cI much prefer the cautious attitude of the Chilean banks,\u201d says Hern\u00e1n Somerville, president of the Association of Banks and Financial Institutions (ABIF). \u201cWe had our own in-house experience of a banking crisis in the early 1980s and it\u2019s not something I would like to live through again.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Somerville says, however, that he understands Velasco\u2019s concerns. \u201cHe\u2019s a government minister and to be honest if I were in his shoes I\u2019d probably be saying the same thing,\u201d he acknowledges.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s going to be a difficult year, without doubt, but I\u2019m still confident,\u201d he says. And so too, relatively speaking, are most economists. <\/p>\n<p>It may be tough, they say, but, thanks to Chile\u2019s sound policies, it will less tough than in other Latin American and, indeed, industrialized countries. And, even if the international crisis deepens or lengthens, there is still plenty of that fiscal ammunition left.<\/p>\n<p>True, some measures, like infrastructure investment, might not be as feasible or effective a second time round. But the fact is that, with the January package, Chile will only have spent a fifth of its savings &#8211; and there are not many countries that can say that.  <\/p>\n<p><font size= \u201c2\u201d> <b> The Measures<b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><b>The main measures taken by the Chilean government since November to alleviate the local impact of the global crisis:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\tIncreasing the assets of the small business loan guarantee fund (FOGAPE) to US$ 200 million. Broadening the fund\u2019s scope so it can be used to underwrite loans to larger companies. Cost: US$ 130 million.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\tCapital increase at BancoEstado, the state bank. Cost: US$ 500 million.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\tEstablishment of a copper price stabilization fund for small mining companies. Cost over first 18 months: US$ 18 million.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\tExtra spending on infrastructure projects, including US$300 million for new homes and US$200 million to improve roads. Total cost: US$ 700 million.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\tOne-off payment of 40,000 pesos to 1.7 million of Chile\u2019s poorest families. Cost: US$ 224 million.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\tWaiver of stamp duties on loans during 2009 and their reduction by 50% in the first half of 2010. Cost in 2009: US$ 628 million.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\tSubsidy of salaries for an estimated 300,000 low-income workers between the ages of 18 and 24. Cost: US$102 million.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\tSubsidies and incentives to boost company training. Cost in 2009: US$ 147 million.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\tReduction in size of companies\u2019 provisional monthly tax payments (PPMs), by 15% for PYMEs and 7% for larger companies. Cost in 2009: US$ 460 million.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\tCash injection for the Common Municipal Fund, to be distributed among Chile\u2019s poorer municipalities. Cost: US$ 41 million.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\tCapitalization of Codelco. Cost: US$ 1 billion.\u00b7\tExtra cash for CORFO\u2019s factoring credit line. Cost: US$ 50 million.<\/p>\n<p><b>Gideon Long<\/b> is a freelance journalist based in Santiago. He also works for the BBC.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><P><EM>&nbsp;<\/EM><\/P><br \/>\n<P>Mientras la crisis financiera mundial hinca el diente en la econom\u00eda chilena, <STRONG>bUSiness CHILE<\/STRONG> eval\u00faa la respuesta del Gobierno y analiza si este \u00faltimo est\u00e1 haciendo lo suficiente para salvar a las empresas y el empleo. Chile no est\u00e1 indefenso. Gracias a la pol\u00edtica antic\u00edclica vigente desde el 2001, puede darse el lujo de gastar -e incluso tener un importante d\u00e9ficit de presupuesto- sin alterar el plan macroecon\u00f3mico. <!--:--><!--:en-->As the global financial crisis sinks its teeth into the Chilean economy, <b>bUSiness CHILE<\/b> looks at the government\u2019s response and asks whether it is doing enough to save companies, livelihoods and jobs. <\/p>\n<p>Chile is not without ammunition. Thanks to an anti-cyclical fiscal policy in force since 2001, it can afford to spend &#8211; and even run a substantial budget deficit &#8211; without upsetting the macroeconomic applecart.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-4074","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Enfrentando la CrisisTackling the Crisis - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/enfrentando-la-crisis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Enfrentando la CrisisTackling the Crisis - AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&nbsp; Mientras la crisis financiera mundial hinca el diente en la econom\u00eda chilena, bUSiness CHILE eval\u00faa la respuesta del Gobierno y analiza si este \u00faltimo est\u00e1 haciendo lo suficiente para salvar a las empresas y el empleo. Chile no est\u00e1 indefenso. Gracias a la pol\u00edtica antic\u00edclica vigente desde el 2001, puede darse el lujo de gastar -e incluso tener un importante d\u00e9ficit de presupuesto- sin alterar el plan macroecon\u00f3mico. As the global financial crisis sinks its teeth into the Chilean economy, bUSiness CHILE looks at the government\u2019s response and asks whether it is doing enough to save companies, livelihoods and jobs.   Chile is not without ammunition. Thanks to an anti-cyclical fiscal policy in force since 2001, it can afford to spend - and even run a substantial budget deficit - without upsetting the macroeconomic applecart.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/enfrentando-la-crisis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-01-26T16:14:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"24 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/enfrentando-la-crisis\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/enfrentando-la-crisis\\\/\",\"name\":\"Enfrentando la CrisisTackling the Crisis - AmCham Chile\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2009-03-01T01:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-01-26T16:14:00+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/enfrentando-la-crisis\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/enfrentando-la-crisis\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/enfrentando-la-crisis\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Enfrentando la CrisisTackling the Crisis\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/\",\"name\":\"AmCham Chile\",\"description\":\"C\u00e1mara Chilena Norteamericana de Comercio\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Enfrentando la CrisisTackling the Crisis - AmCham Chile","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/enfrentando-la-crisis\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Enfrentando la CrisisTackling the Crisis - AmCham Chile","og_description":"&nbsp; Mientras la crisis financiera mundial hinca el diente en la econom\u00eda chilena, bUSiness CHILE eval\u00faa la respuesta del Gobierno y analiza si este \u00faltimo est\u00e1 haciendo lo suficiente para salvar a las empresas y el empleo. Chile no est\u00e1 indefenso. Gracias a la pol\u00edtica antic\u00edclica vigente desde el 2001, puede darse el lujo de gastar -e incluso tener un importante d\u00e9ficit de presupuesto- sin alterar el plan macroecon\u00f3mico. As the global financial crisis sinks its teeth into the Chilean economy, bUSiness CHILE looks at the government\u2019s response and asks whether it is doing enough to save companies, livelihoods and jobs.   Chile is not without ammunition. Thanks to an anti-cyclical fiscal policy in force since 2001, it can afford to spend - and even run a substantial budget deficit - without upsetting the macroeconomic applecart.","og_url":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/enfrentando-la-crisis\/","og_site_name":"AmCham Chile","article_modified_time":"2015-01-26T16:14:00+00:00","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"24 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/enfrentando-la-crisis\/","url":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/enfrentando-la-crisis\/","name":"Enfrentando la CrisisTackling the Crisis - AmCham Chile","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/#website"},"datePublished":"2009-03-01T01:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2015-01-26T16:14:00+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/enfrentando-la-crisis\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/enfrentando-la-crisis\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/enfrentando-la-crisis\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Enfrentando la CrisisTackling the Crisis"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/#website","url":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/","name":"AmCham Chile","description":"C\u00e1mara Chilena Norteamericana de Comercio","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news\/4074","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/news"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news\/4074\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4074"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"news_tax","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news_tax?post=4074"},{"taxonomy":"user_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/user_type?post=4074"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}