{"id":4059,"date":"2008-12-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2008-12-01T01:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-01-26T19:54:47","modified_gmt":"2015-01-26T19:54:47","slug":"lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->Lecciones Bancarias Aprendidas<!--:--><!--:en-->Banking Lessons Learned<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><!--break-->Al parecer hay pocas anclas en la tormenta financiera global de la actualidad. Bear Stearns y Lehman Brothers quebraron e incluso algunos nombres familiares de las banca minorista -Citigroup, s\u00f3lo por nombrar al m\u00e1s reciente- han necesitado un salvavidas fiscal para mantenerse a flote.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Sin embargo, los bancos de Chile parecen bastante seguros. No han seguido precisamente como de costumbre -eso habr\u00eda sido esperar demasiado- pero no ha habido necesidad de paquetes de rescate de emergencia ni tampoco ning\u00fan banco ha estado cerca de la quiebra<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cLa crisis bancaria aqu\u00ed es completamente distinta a la de otras partes del mundo, porque el sistema est\u00e1 muy bien capitalizado y es muy solvente\u201d, se\u00f1ala Alejandro Alarc\u00f3n, gerente general de la Asociaci\u00f3n de Bancos e Instituciones Financieras (ABIF). \u201cLa industria est\u00e1 bien preparada y en una posici\u00f3n relativamente s\u00f3lida para superar esta crisis\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Eso no significa que ha sido un viaje sin turbulencias. A principios de octubre, luego que el Congreso de Estados Unidos rechazara inicialmente un paquete de rescate de US$ 700.000 millones para los bancos de su pa\u00eds, los bancos de Chile vieron restringidas sus l\u00edneas de cr\u00e9dito internacional y comenzaron a depender de su efectivo, llevando al pa\u00eds a su propia mini crisis de liquidez.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Pero el Banco Central y el Ministerio de Hacienda intervinieron, mientras este \u00faltimo trajo US$ 1.000 millones de sus ahorros en el extranjero y los deposit\u00f3 en cuatro bancos locales, la autoridad monetaria abandon\u00f3 un programa de intervenci\u00f3n del mercado de divisas en virtud del cual planeaba a\u00f1adir US$ 8.000 millones a sus reservas internacionales. Adem\u00e1s, el Banco Central lanz\u00f3 una serie de subastas semanales de canjes de d\u00f3lares por pesos como una fuente adicional de liquidez para el sistema bancario.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Sin embargo, hubo poco inter\u00e9s en los canjes. Son demasiado caros, se quejan los banqueros, pero si hubieran estado realmente contra la pared, los habr\u00edan comprado de todos modos. La falta de inter\u00e9s es un testimonio de la inherente fortaleza del sector, afirma Alarc\u00f3n.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Hasta septiembre, los bancos de Chile ten\u00edan una cartera crediticia avaluada en cerca de US$ 120.000 millones y capital y reservas por poco menos de US$ 12.000 millones. Eso les daba un tasa de adecuaci\u00f3n de capital seg\u00fan el \u00edndice Basilea de un 12,2% que, si bien era levemente menor que el de agosto, era muy superior al est\u00e1ndar referencial de un 8%.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">M\u00e1s a\u00fan, los bancos de Chile han seguido siendo rentables pese a la agitaci\u00f3n financiera. De hecho, Santander Chile y Banco de Chile, los dos bancos m\u00e1s grandes del pa\u00eds, ocuparon los lugares 19 y 20, respectivamente, en la lista de bancos con mayores ganancias del mundo en el tercer trimestre, seg\u00fan un estudio de Economatica, empresa consultora con sede en Nueva York.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG>Lecciones Dif\u00edciles <\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><FONT size=\u201c2\u201d><STRONG><\/STRONG><\/FONT><\/SPAN><STRONG><\/STRONG><\/SPAN><STRONG><\/STRONG>Seg\u00fan el Informe Global de Competitividad 2008-2009 del Foro Econ\u00f3mico Mundial, el sistema bancario de Chile se ubica en la 18a posici\u00f3n a nivel mundial, por delante de Espa\u00f1a y de otros pa\u00edses latinoamericanos, con una puntuaci\u00f3n de 6,5 de 7, donde 7 corresponde a un estado \u201cen general saludable con s\u00f3lidos balances\u201d y 1 corresponde a una situaci\u00f3n que \u201cpodr\u00eda requerir un rescate del Gobierno\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Pero los bancos chilenos no siempre han estado en una posici\u00f3n tan saludable. Hace justo 25 a\u00f1os, Chile estaba en medio de su propia crisis financiera cuando una combinaci\u00f3n de recesi\u00f3n global, el colapso de la tasa de cambio del pa\u00eds y el otorgamiento imprudente de algunos pr\u00e9stamos de los due\u00f1os de los bancos a sus propias empresas no financieras pusieron al sistema de rodillas.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Esta crisis fue, de hecho, el tema de un art\u00edculo distribuido por el servicio de investigaci\u00f3n del Congreso de Estados Unidos en septiembre al tiempo que la naci\u00f3n norteamericana luchaba por encontrar formas para enfrentar sus propios problemas. El art\u00edculo concluy\u00f3 que, en t\u00e9rminos relativos, el costo de la crisis chilena era \u201ccomparable en tama\u00f1o con el que quiz\u00e1s enfrentaba Estados Unidos en la actualidad\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Las medidas tomadas en ese entonces por el Banco Central de Chile incluyeron la compra de los cr\u00e9ditos no redituables o, como se conocen ahora, \u201cactivos t\u00f3xicos\u201d. Pero, evitando el denominado peligro moral -o, en otras palabras, los incentivos para que siga habiendo un mal comportamiento- se exigi\u00f3 a los bancos usar sus futuras ganancias como provisi\u00f3n contra estos pr\u00e9stamos y no se les permiti\u00f3 distribuir ganancias hasta que se hubiera pagado totalmente al Banco Central.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Eso restaur\u00f3 la confianza y, junto con fusiones y cambios de propiedad, ayud\u00f3 a que el sistema se recuperara. Sin embargo, fue un ejercicio costoso y el siguiente paso fue tratar de asegurar que aquello no volviera a ocurrir.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El resultado fue una reforma de amplio alcance a la legislaci\u00f3n bancaria del pa\u00eds en 1986, que introdujo los controles estrictos de regulaci\u00f3n y fiscalizaci\u00f3n que s\u00f3lo comenzaron a flexibilizarse a partir de mediados de la d\u00e9cada de los 90. Se dispusieron restricciones m\u00e1s fuertes al riesgo crediticio y se aumentaron los requisitos de capital.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cLos bancos est\u00e1n mejor preparados, regulados y fiscalizados como resultado de las reformas posteriores a la crisis\u201d, sostiene Francisco Garc\u00e9s, asesor del directorio del Banco de Chile. \u201cHoy en d\u00eda, el sector es uno de los m\u00e1s eficientes y modernos de la econom\u00eda de Chile\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Adem\u00e1s, no se emiti\u00f3 ninguna nueva licencia bancaria hasta una d\u00e9cada y media despu\u00e9s de la crisis. Puede que eso haya sido prudente, pero -seg\u00fan Jorge Quiroz de la consultora santiaguina Quiroz &amp; Asociados- este cierre virtual del sector ten\u00eda como objetivo impulsar las ganancias de los bancos y permitirles pagar sus deudas con el Banco Central m\u00e1s r\u00e1pidamente.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La autonom\u00eda dada al Banco Central a fines de la d\u00e9cada de los 80 tambi\u00e9n contribuy\u00f3 a la estabilidad financiera. Hoy en d\u00eda, cuenta con una credibilidad que falta en otros pa\u00edses de Am\u00e9rica Latina, destaca Garc\u00e9s. <SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG><\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG>Factores Macroecon\u00f3micos<\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En el sondeo del Foro Econ\u00f3mico Mundial, Chile ocup\u00f3 el 14o lugar a nivel mundial en cuanto a estabilidad macroecon\u00f3mica y, seg\u00fan Quiroz, esta es una de las principales razones de la solvencia de sus bancos. \u201cLa principal fortaleza (del sistema bancario) proviene de factores macroecon\u00f3micos; Estados Unidos ha vivido durante 10 a\u00f1os con un gasto excesivo, tanto p\u00fablico como privado, mientras que Chile no\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Fue el exceso de liquidez y la presi\u00f3n sobre los bancos de Estados Unidos por hacer crecer sus ganancias lo que los alent\u00f3 a usar una \u201cingenier\u00eda financiera creativa\u201d para vender nuevos productos tales como las hipotecas subprime (o de alto riesgo) sin conocer cabalmente los riesgos, subraya Garc\u00e9s. Es cierto que los bancos chilenos han estado protegidos de la crisis en parte debido a que son \u201cmenos sofisticados\u201d que los bancos estadounidenses en t\u00e9rminos de los productos que ofrecen, pero tambi\u00e9n est\u00e1n mejor regulados, a\u00f1ade.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Si bien las hipotecas son una parte importante del negocio bancario en Chile -los cr\u00e9ditos para la vivienda sumaron un monto cercano a los US$ 29.000 millones en septiembre o poco menos de un cuarto del total de cr\u00e9ditos otorgados- los bancos chilenos son considerablemente m\u00e1s cautos al aprobar pr\u00e9stamos que sus pares en Estados Unidos, asevera Boris Buvinic, gerente general de Banco Ita\u00fa en Chile.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">M\u00e1s a\u00fan, en el caso del incumplimiento en el pago de las hipotecas, los bancos chilenos est\u00e1n m\u00e1s protegidos que sus s\u00edmiles estadounidenses. En Estados Unidos, un deudor puede simplemente devolver la vivienda, cualquiera sea el precio del mercado y no tiene m\u00e1s obligaciones, mientras que en Chile, los bancos pueden demandar al deudor por cualquier diferencia entre lo que resta de la hipoteca y el precio de venta de la casa al momento en que la recupera.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Y, en cualquier caso, condiciones m\u00e1s estrictas para el otorgamiento de cr\u00e9ditos implican que es extra\u00f1o que haya morosos. De hecho, el porcentaje de pr\u00e9stamos pendientes, que se dispar\u00f3 en Estados Unidos cuando estall\u00f3 la burbuja de la vivienda, casi no ha cambiado de cerca del 0,7%, indica Alarc\u00f3n.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Por supuesto, no todo han sido buenas noticias y Am\u00e9rica Latina no est\u00e1 aislada de los efectos de la crisis. \u201cLa complicada situaci\u00f3n de los bancos en Estados Unidos implicar\u00e1 menos cr\u00e9ditos en d\u00f3lares para los bancos chilenos, o menos renovaciones de las l\u00edneas de cr\u00e9dito, lo que har\u00e1 m\u00e1s caros y restringidos los cr\u00e9ditos para los exportadores\u201d, destaca Quiroz.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Banco de Chile respondi\u00f3 a la crisis usando sus l\u00edneas de cr\u00e9dito existentes y solicitando m\u00e1s pr\u00e9stamos de otros bancos de Estados Unidos., Europa y China, se\u00f1ala Garc\u00e9s. \u201cEstamos bien posicionados hoy en d\u00eda, pero tenemos que seguir trabajando para mantener la liquidez a futuro\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">No obstante, a medida que el crecimiento econ\u00f3mico se desacelere, la demanda de cr\u00e9ditos de consumo, hipotecas y otros productos financieros inevitablemente se ver\u00e1 afectada. \u201cLa prueba de fuego ser\u00e1 el pr\u00f3ximo a\u00f1o cuando los efectos de la crisis financiera se transferir\u00e1n a la econom\u00eda real\u201d, se\u00f1ala Alarc\u00f3n.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Pero el impacto debiera ser un menor crecimiento del mercado m\u00e1s que una contracci\u00f3n, predice, lo que significa que los bancos de Chile estar\u00e1n mejor que en muchos otros pa\u00edses.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG>Competencia y Consolidaci\u00f3n<\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Una de las razones para la estabilidad del sector bancario de Chile es que mantiene atractivos m\u00e1rgenes en tiempos de auge y ca\u00edda, sostiene Quiroz, pero eso tambi\u00e9n tiene un lado negativo. \u201cEl hecho de que sus resultados no sean muy pro-c\u00edclicos si se le compara con otros sectores bancarios del mundo refleja una relativa falta de competencia\u201d<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Cierto, Banco Santander y Banco de Chile juntos corresponden a cerca del 40% del mercado, pero desde mediados de los a\u00f1os 90, han ingresado al sistema nuevos actores. Bancos como el canadiense Scotiabank y el brasile\u00f1o Ita\u00fa han tenido \u00e9xito en Chile al competir codo a codo con los grandes bancos.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Ita\u00fa, que lleg\u00f3 a Chile a comienzos del 2007 y que tambi\u00e9n tiene filiales en Argentina y Uruguay, est\u00e1 creciendo con fuerza, afirma Buvinic. Y, a su juicio, la industria es \u201caltamente competitiva como muestran sus bajas comisiones por servicio, innovaci\u00f3n de productos y una rentabilidad sobre los activos que es comparable a la de otros pa\u00edses\u201d.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Los mayores costos y la menor liquidez, por cierto, podr\u00edan gatillar una consolidaci\u00f3n como ha ocurrido en otros pa\u00edses. En Brasil, Ita\u00fa y Unibanco anunciaron en noviembre que se fusionar\u00e1n para formar el banco m\u00e1s grande de Am\u00e9rica Latina y uno de los 20 m\u00e1s importantes del mundo, con activos avaluados en cerca de US $260.000 millones.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Sin embargo, seg\u00fan Quiroz, es improbable que Chile experimente medidas similares en el corto plazo, excepto como un efecto colateral de fusiones fuera del pa\u00eds como la del acuerdo entre Ita\u00fa y Unibanco o adquisiciones producto de la venta de filiales de bancos extranjeros a fin de recaudar capital.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Entretanto, los bancos se preparan para un dif\u00edcil 2009 a medida que el crecimiento econ\u00f3mico de Chile se desacelera y la demanda de productos financieros cae en parte como resultado de las altas tasas de inter\u00e9s. Un recorte de la tasa referencial de inter\u00e9s del Banco Central posiblemente encabece la lista de regalos que pedir\u00e1n los bancos esta Navidad, pero a\u00fan si el Viejito Pascuero no la trae, todav\u00eda tendr\u00e1n mucho por qu\u00e9 agradecer.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">&#8220;\u00bfPodemos capear la crisis? Yo creo que s\u00ed, o si ustedes prefieren \u2018Yes we can\u2019&#8221;, se\u00f1al\u00f3 recientemente el ministro de Hacienda de Chile, Andr\u00e9s Velasco, aludiendo a la frase hecha famosa por el presidente electo de Estados Unidos, Barack Obama, en su discurso al ganar la elecci\u00f3n.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Pero, quiz\u00e1s, es Estados Unidos -e, igualmente, algunos pa\u00edses de Europa- el que debiera estar aludiendo a los logros de Chile. Al gastar con sabidur\u00eda y regular el riesgo crediticio despu\u00e9s de la crisis de los a\u00f1os 80, las autoridades han impedido que los bancos otorguen pr\u00e9stamos m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de sus medios, dando una clase maestra de manejo de crisis.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u201cLas crisis nos ense\u00f1an lecciones y Chile ha aprendido de sus crisis pasadas\u201d, se\u00f1ala Garc\u00e9s. Por el bien de los bancos de Chile y sus clientes, eso es algo muy bueno.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>Julian Dowling<\/STRONG> trabaja como periodista freelance y contribuye de manera regular con <STRONG>bUSiness CHILE.<\/STRONG><\/P><!--:--><!--:en--><br \/>\n<!--break--><br \/>\n<b><I>Although the Chilean economy will certainly be hit by the international downturn, it has at least the anchor of a solid banking system.  <\/b><\/I><\/p>\n<p>There seem to be few anchors in today\u2019s global financial storm. Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers went under and even some of the household names of retail banking &#8211; Citigroup, to name just the latest &#8211; have needed a fiscal lifebelt to keep them afloat.   <\/p>\n<p>But Chile\u2019s banks look pretty safe. It hasn\u2019t quite been business as usual &#8211; that would have been too much to expect &#8211; but there has been no need for emergency rescue packages nor any near bankruptcies. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe banking crisis is completely different here from other parts of the world because the system is very well capitalized and solvent,\u201d says Alejandro Alarc\u00f3n, general manager of the Association of Banks and Financial Institutions (ABIF). \u201cThe industry is well prepared and in a relatively strong position to ride out this crisis.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s not to say it\u2019s been all plain sailing. In early October, after the U.S. Congress initially rejected a US$700 billion rescue package for its country\u2019s banks, Chile\u2019s banks saw their international credit lines seize up and began to hold on to their cash, plunging the country into its own mini-liquidity crunch. <\/p>\n<p>But the Central Bank and the Finance Ministry chipped in &#8211; the latter by bringing in US$1 billion of its savings from abroad and depositing them in four local banks, and the former by abandoning a program of currency market intervention under which it had planned to add US$8 billion to its international reserves. In addition, the Central Bank launched a series of weekly dollar-peso swap auctions as an additional source of liquidity for the banking system.  <\/p>\n<p>There was, however, little interest in the swaps. They\u2019re too expensive, moaned bankers, but had they been in a really tight corner, they would have bought them anyway. The lack of interest is a testament to the sector\u2019s inherent strength, says Alarc\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>As of September, Chile\u2019s banks had a loan portfolio worth some US$120 billion and capital and reserves for just under US$12 billion. That gave it a Basel capital adequacy ratio of 12.2% which, although slightly lower than August, was well above the standard 8% benchmark. <\/p>\n<p>Moreover, Chile\u2019s banks have remained profitable despite the financial turmoil. Indeed, Santander Chile and Banco de Chile, the two largest banks, were 19th and 20th, respectively, in the list of the top-earning banks in the world in the third quarter, according to a study by Economatica, a New York-based consultancy company. <\/p>\n<p><font size= \u201c2\u201d> <b>Hard lessons <\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p>According to the 2008-09 World Economic Forum&#8217;s Global Competitiveness Report, Chile\u2019s banking system ranked 18th in the world, ahead of Spain and all other Latin American countries, with a score of 6.5 out of 7, where 7 is \u201cgenerally healthy with sound balance sheets\u201d and 1 is \u201cmay require a government bailout\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>But Chilean banks have not always been in such a healthy position. Just a quarter of a century ago, Chile was in the throes of its own financial crisis when a combination of a  global recession, the collapse of the country\u2019s fixed exchange rate and some incautious lending by bank owners to their own non-financial companies brought the system to its knees.<\/p>\n<p>This crisis was, in fact, the subject of a paper distributed by the Research Service of the U.S. Congress in September as the U.S. grappled for ways to address its own brewing troubles. The paper concluded that, in relative terms, the cost of the Chilean crisis was \u201ccomparable in size to that perhaps facing the U.S. today\u201d. <\/p>\n<p>The measures taken then by the Chilean Central Bank included the purchasing of non-performing loans or, as they are known today, \u201ctoxic assets\u201d. But, avoiding so-called moral hazard &#8211; or, in other words, incentives for further bad behavior &#8211; the banks were required to use future income to provision against these loans and were not allowed to distribute profits until full repayment had been made to the Central Bank.<\/p>\n<p>That restored confidence and, together with mergers and changes of ownership, helped to get the system back on its feet. But it was a costly exercise and the next step was to try to ensure it couldn\u2019t happen again. <\/p>\n<p>The result was a far-reaching reform of the country\u2019s banking legislation in 1986, introducing the strict regulatory and supervisory controls that only began to be relaxed as from the mid-1990s. Tighter restrictions on credit risk were put in place and capital requirements were raised. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe banks are better prepared, regulated and supervised as a result of the reforms that followed the crisis,\u201d says Francisco Garc\u00e9s, advisor to the board of Banco de Chile. \u201cToday, the sector is one of the most efficient and modern of Chile\u2019s economy.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In addition, no new bank licenses were issued until a decade and a half after the crisis. That may have been prudential but, according to Jorge Quiroz of Santiago-based consulting firm Quiroz &#038; Asociados, this virtual closure of the sector was intended to boost bank profits and allow them to pay off their debts to the Central Bank more quickly.  <\/p>\n<p>The autonomy granted to the Central Bank in the late 1980s has also contributed to financial stability. Today, it has a credibility that is lacking in some other Latin American countries, notes Garc\u00e9s. <\/p>\n<p><font size= \u201c2\u201d> <b>Macroeconomic factors<\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p>In the World Economic Forum&#8217;s survey, Chile ranked 14th in the world on macroeconomic stability and, according to Quiroz, this is one of the main reasons for the solvency of its banks. \u201cThe main strength [of the banking system] comes from macroeconomic factors; the U.S. has been living for ten years with excessive spending, public and private, while Chile has not.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>It was excess liquidity and the pressure on U.S. banks to grow their profits that encouraged them to use \u201ccreative financial engineering\u201d to sell new products such as subprime mortgages without fully knowing the risks, points out Garc\u00e9s. It is true that Chilean banks have been protected from the crisis partly because they are \u201cless sophisticated\u201d than U.S. banks in terms of the products they offer, but they are also better regulated, he adds. <\/p>\n<p>While mortgages are an important part of the banking business in Chile &#8211; housing loans totaled around US$29 billion in September or just under a quarter of total lending &#8211; Chilean banks are considerably more cautious in lending than U.S. banks, says Boris Buvinic, CEO of Banco Ita\u00fa in Chile. <\/p>\n<p>Moreover, in the case of mortgage default, Chilean banks have more protection than their U.S. equivalents. In the U.S., a debtor can simply return the house, whatever its market price, and has no further liability whereas, in Chile, banks can sue the debtor for any difference between the balance of the mortgage and the house\u2019s sale price at the time of repossession. <\/p>\n<p>And, in any case, stricter lending conditions mean defaulters are rare. In fact, the percentage of outstanding loans, which soared in the U.S. when the housing bubble burst, has hardly changed from around 0.7%, says Alarc\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, it\u2019s not been all good news and Latin America is not isolated from the effects of the crisis. \u201cThe complicated situation of the banks in the U.S. will mean less credit in dollars for Chilean banks, or less renewal of credit lines, which will make loans for exporters more expensive and restrictive,\u201d points out Quiroz.<\/p>\n<p>Banco de Chile has responded to the crunch by using its existing credit lines more and seeking loans from other banks in the U.S., Europe and China, says Garc\u00e9s. \u201cWe are well positioned today but we have to keep working to maintain liquidity going forward.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>But as economic growth slows, demand for consumer loans, mortgages and other financial products will inevitably suffer. \u201cThe acid test will be next year when the effects of the financial crisis will be transferred to the real economy,\u201d says Alarc\u00f3n. <\/p>\n<p>But the impact should be lower market growth rather than a contraction, he predicts, which means Chile\u2019s banks will be better off than in many other countries.  <\/p>\n<p><font size= \u201c2\u201d> <b>Competition and consolidation<\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p>One of the reasons for the stability of Chile\u2019s banking sector is that it maintains attractive margins in times of boom and bust, says Quiroz, but that also has a downside. \u201cThe fact that its results are not very pro-cyclical compared with other banking industries in the world reflects a relative lack of competition.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>True, Banco Santander and Banco de Chile together account for around 40% of the market but, since the mid-1990s, new players have entered. Banks like Canada\u2019s Scotiabank and Brazil\u2019s Ita\u00fa have been successful in Chile by competing head to head with the big banks.<\/p>\n<p>Ita\u00fa, which arrived in Chile in early 2007 and also has subsidiaries in Argentina and Uruguay, is growing strongly, says Buvinic. And, in his view, the industry is \u201chighly competitive as shown by its low service fees, product innovation and a return on assets that is comparable to other countries\u201d.  <\/p>\n<p>Rising costs and tighter liquidity could, of course, trigger consolidation as has occurred in other countries. In Brazil, Ita\u00fa and Unibanco announced in November that they will merge to form the largest bank in Latin America and one of the top 20 in the world, with assets worth some US$260 billion.  <\/p>\n<p>However, according to Quiroz, Chile is unlikely to see similar moves in the short term, except as a side effect of mergers outside the country such as the Ita\u00fa-Unibanco deal, or acquisitions as a result of the sale of subsidiaries by overseas banks in order to raise capital. <\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, the banks are bracing for a tough 2009 as Chile\u2019s economic growth slows and demand for financial products falls partly as a result of high interest rates. A cut in the Central Bank\u2019s benchmark interest rate would likely top the wish-lists of banks this Christmas, but even if Santa doesn\u2019t come through, they will still have a lot to be thankful for. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cCan we deal with this crisis? I think so, or if you prefer, \u2018Yes we can\u2019,\u201d said Finance Minister Andr\u00e9s Velasco recently, alluding to the phrase made famous by U.S. president-elect, Barack Obama, in his election victory speech. <\/p>\n<p>But it is, perhaps, the U.S. &#8211; and, for that matter, some European countries &#8211; that should be alluding to Chile\u2019s achievements. By spending wisely and regulating credit risk after the crisis of the 1980s, the authorities have kept banks from lending beyond their means, giving a master class in crisis management. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cCrises teach us lessons and Chile has learned from its past crises,\u201d says Garc\u00e9s. For the sake of Chile\u2019s banks, and their clients, that is a very good thing.<\/p>\n<p><b>Julian Dowling<\/b> is a freelance journalist and contributes regularly to <b>bUSiness CHILE.<\/b><!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><P><EM>&nbsp;<\/EM><STRONG><\/STRONG><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Si bien la econom\u00eda chilena ciertamente se ver\u00e1 afectada por la desaceleraci\u00f3n internacional, al menos tiene el respaldo de un s\u00f3lido sistema bancario. Al parecer hay pocas anclas en la tormenta financiera global de la actualidad. Bear Stearns y Lehman Brothers quebraron e incluso algunos nombres familiares de las banca minorista -Citigroup, s\u00f3lo por nombrar al m\u00e1s reciente- han necesitado un salvavidas fiscal para mantenerse a flote. <!--:--><!--:en-->Although the Chilean economy will certainly be hit by the international downturn, it has at least the anchor of a solid banking system.  <\/p>\n<p>There seem to be few anchors in today\u2019s global financial storm. Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers went under and even some of the household names of retail banking &#8211; Citigroup, to name just the latest &#8211; have needed a fiscal lifebelt to keep them afloat.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-4059","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lecciones Bancarias AprendidasBanking Lessons Learned - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lecciones Bancarias AprendidasBanking Lessons Learned - AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&nbsp; Si bien la econom\u00eda chilena ciertamente se ver\u00e1 afectada por la desaceleraci\u00f3n internacional, al menos tiene el respaldo de un s\u00f3lido sistema bancario. Al parecer hay pocas anclas en la tormenta financiera global de la actualidad. Bear Stearns y Lehman Brothers quebraron e incluso algunos nombres familiares de las banca minorista -Citigroup, s\u00f3lo por nombrar al m\u00e1s reciente- han necesitado un salvavidas fiscal para mantenerse a flote. Although the Chilean economy will certainly be hit by the international downturn, it has at least the anchor of a solid banking system.   There seem to be few anchors in today\u2019s global financial storm. Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers went under and even some of the household names of retail banking - Citigroup, to name just the latest - have needed a fiscal lifebelt to keep them afloat.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-01-26T19:54:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"20 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\\\/\",\"name\":\"Lecciones Bancarias AprendidasBanking Lessons Learned - AmCham Chile\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2008-12-01T01:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-01-26T19:54:47+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Lecciones Bancarias AprendidasBanking Lessons Learned\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/\",\"name\":\"AmCham Chile\",\"description\":\"C\u00e1mara Chilena Norteamericana de Comercio\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Lecciones Bancarias AprendidasBanking Lessons Learned - AmCham Chile","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Lecciones Bancarias AprendidasBanking Lessons Learned - AmCham Chile","og_description":"&nbsp; Si bien la econom\u00eda chilena ciertamente se ver\u00e1 afectada por la desaceleraci\u00f3n internacional, al menos tiene el respaldo de un s\u00f3lido sistema bancario. Al parecer hay pocas anclas en la tormenta financiera global de la actualidad. Bear Stearns y Lehman Brothers quebraron e incluso algunos nombres familiares de las banca minorista -Citigroup, s\u00f3lo por nombrar al m\u00e1s reciente- han necesitado un salvavidas fiscal para mantenerse a flote. Although the Chilean economy will certainly be hit by the international downturn, it has at least the anchor of a solid banking system.   There seem to be few anchors in today\u2019s global financial storm. Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers went under and even some of the household names of retail banking - Citigroup, to name just the latest - have needed a fiscal lifebelt to keep them afloat.","og_url":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\/","og_site_name":"AmCham Chile","article_modified_time":"2015-01-26T19:54:47+00:00","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"20 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\/","url":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\/","name":"Lecciones Bancarias AprendidasBanking Lessons Learned - AmCham Chile","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/#website"},"datePublished":"2008-12-01T01:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2015-01-26T19:54:47+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/lecciones-bancarias-aprendidas\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Lecciones Bancarias AprendidasBanking Lessons Learned"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/#website","url":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/","name":"AmCham Chile","description":"C\u00e1mara Chilena Norteamericana de Comercio","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news\/4059","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/news"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news\/4059\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4059"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"news_tax","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news_tax?post=4059"},{"taxonomy":"user_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/user_type?post=4059"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}