{"id":4013,"date":"2008-09-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2008-09-01T01:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-01-27T13:25:33","modified_gmt":"2015-01-27T13:25:33","slug":"gobiernos-municipales-bajo-la-lupa","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/gobiernos-municipales-bajo-la-lupa\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->Gobiernos Municipales Bajo la Lupa<!--:--><!--:en-->Local Government under Scrutiny<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><!--break--><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Puede que no tengan el mismo prestigio pol\u00edtico ni el impacto mundial que Barack Obama vs. John McCain, pero las elecciones municipales de Chile, que se realizar\u00e1n el domingo 26 de octubre, ser\u00e1n seguidas con igual intensidad.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Sin embargo, una vez que termine la votaci\u00f3n y todo se calme, quienes resulten electos se enfrentar\u00e1n a la tarea m\u00e1s mundana de dirigir al pa\u00eds en el nivel m\u00e1s b\u00e1sico: asegur\u00e1ndose de que los hospitales y escuelas locales funcionen adecuadamente, la basura se recolecte y los sem\u00e1foros funciones. En un pa\u00eds como Chile, con una tradici\u00f3n de Gobierno centralizado, esa no siempre es una tarea f\u00e1cil.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Chile tiene 345 municipios, cada uno con su propio alcalde y, dependiendo del tama\u00f1o del electorado, seis, ocho o diez concejales electos. En otras palabras, a lo largo del pa\u00eds hay cerca de 2.400 concejales y, bajo ese nivel ejecutivo, una vasta fuerza de funcionarios municipales.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Seg\u00fan la Asociaci\u00f3n Chilena de Municipalidades (AChM), cerca de 185.000 empleados p\u00fablicos trabajan en los gobiernos locales del pa\u00eds, ya sea directa o indirectamente en las escuelas y hospitales que manejan. Eso representa cerca de un 54% de la fuerza de empleados estatales del pa\u00eds.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El perfil de las municipalidades de Chile var\u00eda ampliamente desde las ricas comunas de Vitacura y Las Condes en Santiago, los extensos suburbios de Puente Alto y Maip\u00fa -los dos municipios m\u00e1s populosos del pa\u00eds- hasta la silvestre Patagonia, donde un municipio podr\u00eda componerse de poco m\u00e1s de un pu\u00f1ado de fundos y un remoto ret\u00e9n de carabineros.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Seg\u00fan AChM, una de cada ocho municipalidades tienen menos de 5.000 habitantes. En consecuencia, generan un ingreso insignificante y recurren al Fondo Com\u00fan Municipal (FCM) para su financiamiento.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Este mecanismo de redistribuci\u00f3n saca recursos de las municipalidades m\u00e1s ricas -40 son contribuyentes netos- para financiar a sus parientes menos afortunadas. En otras palabras, los municipios como Providencia, Vitacura, Las Condes y Santiago Centro subsidian de manera importante las cuentas de las municipalidades m\u00e1s peque\u00f1as y pobres.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El FCM es complejo; demasiado complejo y falto de reforma, seg\u00fan algunos. Pero se trata b\u00e1sicamente de un pozo com\u00fan, en el que los municipios colocan una parte de sus ganancias que luego se redistribuye seg\u00fan sea necesario (al menos en teor\u00eda).<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El aporte de cada municipalidad se calcula empleando un complicado sistema de porcentajes que refleja criterios como su nivel de pobreza y el ingreso que reciben en impuestos locales. Adem\u00e1s, el Gobierno central entrega algo de dinero al fondo antes de que se redistribuya. La principal cr\u00edtica al FCM es que ofrece poco en t\u00e9rminos de incentivos para que una municipalidad haga un buen trabajo. De hecho, se podr\u00eda afirmar que<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">ofrece s\u00f3lo incentivos perversos: si un municipio, por ejemplo, reduce los niveles de pobreza, su logro implicar\u00e1 una disminuci\u00f3n del dinero que recibe desde el FCM al a\u00f1o siguiente.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG>Recursos para el Trabajo<\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">&#8220;Es necesario reformar la totalidad del sistema de financiamiento del Gobierno municipal de pies a cabeza&#8221;, se\u00f1ala Trinidad Vald\u00e9s, abogada experta en el sistema municipal de Instituto Libertad, centro de estudios vinculado al partido de oposici\u00f3n Renovaci\u00f3n Nacional. &#8220;Han habido varios intentos de reforma -en el 2005, por ejemplo, y luego este a\u00f1o-, pero siempre han sido parches&#8221;.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Vald\u00e9s afirma que el aporte del Gobierno central al fondo -que corresponde s\u00f3lo a un par de puntos porcentuales del total- debiera incrementarse. &#8220;El Gobierno se vio obligado a hacer una contribuci\u00f3n extraordinaria el a\u00f1o pasado y lo mismo ocurri\u00f3 nuevamente este a\u00f1o&#8221;, indica, &#8220;y esto muestra que la cantidad inicial que est\u00e1 colocando no es suficiente&#8221;.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Otras quejas acerca del financiamiento del Gobierno local es que las municipalidades tienen prohibido en gran medida asumir deuda. S\u00f3lo pueden hacerlo en circunstancias excepcionales y con la aprobaci\u00f3n del Ministerio de Hacienda.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La AChM est\u00e1 presionando para que se realice una modificaci\u00f3n que les permita emitir deuda, de una forma muy parecida a lo que hacen los Gobiernos centrales con los t\u00edtulos del Tesoro o a las empresas privadas con los bonos corporativos. Seg\u00fan Alberto Undurraga, el alcalde dem\u00f3crata-cristiano de Maip\u00fa, esto es fundamental para el financiamiento de largo plazo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La emisi\u00f3n de deuda podr\u00eda ser regulada por un organismo de calificaci\u00f3n, como Fitch o Moody&#8217;s, sugiere. &#8220;Necesitamos una autoridad nacional que decrete que municipalidades son AAA, AA, A, BBB y as\u00ed sucesivamente, y que establezca a qu\u00e9 nivel de financiamiento les permite acceder esa calificaci\u00f3n&#8221;, se\u00f1ala. &#8220;Si existe para pa\u00edses, \u00bfpor qu\u00e9 no para municipalidades?&#8221;.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Seg\u00fan AChM, las municipalidades corresponden hoy en d\u00eda al 13% del gasto total del Gobierno, un alza frente al 3% de la d\u00e9cada de los 80, pero a\u00fan muy por debajo de los niveles de los que disfrutan los gobiernos municipales en Europa y Am\u00e9rica del Norte. La asociaci\u00f3n quiere aumentar esa cifra a un 30% dentro de los pr\u00f3ximos a\u00f1os, pero ese es un objetivo ambicioso y es poco probable que se alcance en el corto plazo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">A\u00fan dentro de los c\u00edrculos de la Concertaci\u00f3n, la coalici\u00f3n de gobernante, hay quejas en cuanto a que el proceso para transferir facultades y dinero desde Santiago a las provincias se ha estancado en el actual Gobierno. &#8220;Ahora hay una notable ausencia de una pol\u00edtica p\u00fablica que conduzca el proceso de descentralizaci\u00f3n; un proceso que fue muy fuerte durante los gobiernos de los presidentes Frei y Lagos&#8221;, se\u00f1ala Claudio Orrego, el alcalde dem\u00f3crata-cristiano de la comuna de Pe\u00f1alol\u00e9n, en Santiago. <SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG><\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG>Estructura de Poder <\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Lo que las municipalidades quieren es m\u00e1s libertad para ajustar su estructura y servicios a las cambiantes necesidades de la comunidad local. Est\u00e1n maniatadas, dicen, por normativas -y las demoras que ello implica- por ello se necesita una legislaci\u00f3n para crear incluso un puesto en la municipalidad m\u00e1s peque\u00f1a y m\u00e1s remota que exista.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En teor\u00eda, las municipalidades lograron lo que quer\u00edan en 1997 cuando se reform\u00f3 la Constituci\u00f3n para incluir el Art\u00edculo 121. Eso les permitir\u00eda determinar su propia estructura organizacional y les dar\u00eda un mayor control respecto de a qui\u00e9nes emplean y cu\u00e1nto pagan, incluidos incentivos relacionados con el desempe\u00f1o.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El tema es que el Art\u00edculo 121 se ha mantenido en desuso porque la regulaci\u00f3n que necesita para su implementaci\u00f3n nunca ha sido aprobada en el Congreso. Respaldada ampliamente por alcaldes, se enfrenta a la ac\u00e9rrima oposici\u00f3n de la Confederaci\u00f3n Nacional de Funcionarios Municipales de Chile, ASEMUCH, entidad que representa a miles de funcionarios de los gobiernos municipales a lo largo del pa\u00eds, que la ven como una amenaza a su seguridad laboral.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En agosto, ASEMUCH gan\u00f3 la \u00faltima batalla de esta guerra cuando el Senado rechaz\u00f3 el proyecto regulador, coloc\u00e1ndolo efectivamente en comp\u00e1s de espera por al menos un a\u00f1o m\u00e1s. &#8220;Es absurdo que se votara en el Senado&#8221;, se\u00f1ala Undurraga de Maip\u00fa. &#8220;Si vas a convertir a un alcalde en la cabeza del gobierno municipal, entonces tienes que hacerlo de la manera apropiada y convertirlo realmente en la cabeza&#8221;.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Otro problema ampliamente reconocido en el sistema municipal de Chile es la falta de capacitaci\u00f3n y experiencia administrativa, en particular, en los municipios peque\u00f1os. Hay pocas oportunidades educacionales en Chile para quienes quieren seguir una carrera en el gobierno municipal e incluso donde existen las oportunidades, el financiamiento es escaso.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La Universidad Adolfo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez de Santiago es una de las pocas instituciones que ofrece un postgrado dise\u00f1ado espec\u00edficamente para dar a los funcionarios gubernamentales, incluidos alcaldes y concejales, la capacitaci\u00f3n que necesitan.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El postgrado -un mag\u00edster en gerencia y pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas- se estableci\u00f3 hace seis a\u00f1os. Desde entonces, unos 300 alumnos lo han hecho y han asumido varios empleos en el sector p\u00fablico. Por ejemplo, un ex alumno del programa se postul\u00f3 como alcalde de la comuna de Lo Barnechea en Santiago para las elecciones del pr\u00f3ximo mes.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El director del programa, Fernando Larra\u00edn, se\u00f1ala que una de las cosas lindas del programa es que considera s\u00f3lo dos d\u00edas de clases quincenalmente -los viernes y s\u00e1bado- lo que significa que los alumnos pueden asistir desde fuera de Santiago. &#8220;Desde que comenzamos, cerca del 40% de nuestros alumnos ha sido de fuera de la capital, algo de lo que estamos muy orgullosos&#8221;, afirma. &#8220;Hemos tenido alumnos desde Arica hasta Punta Arenas&#8221;.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La esperanza es que a medida que m\u00e1s y m\u00e1s alumnos asistan a cursos como este, la calidad de la administraci\u00f3n gubernamental mejorar\u00e1. Y que, como lo ha hecho, conducir\u00e1 a una mayor transparencia en el gobierno municipal.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-SIZE: small\"><STRONG>Acceso a la Informaci\u00f3n<\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">La transparencia y la corrupci\u00f3n se han convertido en dos palabras de moda en los c\u00edrculos de gobierno municipal en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os. Enfrentados a la creciente molestia de la opini\u00f3n p\u00fablica, los alcaldes y concejales se han esforzado en se\u00f1alar que la primera est\u00e1 mejorando y que la segunda est\u00e1 siendo erradicada.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Vald\u00e9s, del Instituto Libertad, afirma que una nueva legislaci\u00f3n sobre el acceso a la informaci\u00f3n p\u00fablica tendr\u00e1 que recorrer un largo camino para mejorar la transparencia. Esta obliga a las municipalidades a publicar informaci\u00f3n detallada sobre sus operaciones en sitios web interactivos y actualizados de manera regular.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">AChM sostiene que respalda el principio tras la ley, pero cuestiona de d\u00f3nde provendr\u00e1n los recursos para garantizar su implementaci\u00f3n. Seg\u00fan una fuente de la asociaci\u00f3n s\u00f3lo un tercio de las municipalidades chilenas tienen sitios web interactivos, mientras que otro tercio tiene sitios que son &#8220;poco m\u00e1s que galer\u00edas de fotos&#8221; y el otro, no tiene nada de nada.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">&#8220;Como est\u00e1n las cosas, hay muy, muy pocas municipalidades en Chile que cumplen con las distintas regulaciones sobre transparencia&#8221;, dice Vald\u00e9s.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Y, por cierto, el peligro radica en que sin transparencia y el deber de informar, la corrupci\u00f3n proliferar\u00e1. El nivel de corrupci\u00f3n en las municipalidades de Chile es dif\u00edcil de medir de manera acuciosa, pero ciertamente la percepci\u00f3n de la opini\u00f3n p\u00fablica es que est\u00e1 aumentando.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Por supuesto, esto podr\u00eda deberse simplemente al hecho de que este es un a\u00f1o de elecciones: la oportunidad perfecta para que los partidos pol\u00edticos de Chile saquen al sol los trapos sucios de sus oponentes y anoten puntos en la campa\u00f1a previa a la elecci\u00f3n.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Undurraga de Maip\u00fa afirma que la corrupci\u00f3n a nivel municipal &#8220;existe, si bien no est\u00e1 diseminada&#8221;, mientras que Vald\u00e9s la describe como &#8220;un gran problema&#8221;.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">A comienzos del 2007, Instituto Libertad public\u00f3 un exhaustivo estudio sobre casos informados de corrupci\u00f3n en las municipalidades chilenas desde que el pa\u00eds volvi\u00f3 a la democracia en 1990. El estudio, actualizado a comienzos de este a\u00f1o, aparece como un qui\u00e9n es qui\u00e9n de la mala conducta municipal.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Muchas de las irregularidades informadas parecen surgir de un d\u00e9bil sistema de cuentas y balances. Tome, por ejemplo, el caso del alcalde y los funcionarios locales de Punta Arenas que en el 2001 se embarcaron en un tour promocional a Europa, pasando por Holanda, Francia, Croacia y Espa\u00f1a a un costo de 40 millones de pesos (unos US$80.000) para los fondos p\u00fablicos.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Cuando la prensa local cuestion\u00f3 la sensatez de un tour de esta naturaleza, los funcionarios replicaron que hab\u00eda sido aprobado por el concejo y, por tanto, era leg\u00edtimo. Eso era totalmente cierto, pero gener\u00f3 la pregunta respecto de si el concejo no debi\u00f3 haberse opuesto al alcalde y vetado el viaje por cuestiones de costo.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">AChM afirma que est\u00e1 comprometida con una mayor transparencia en el gobierno local, aunque aparentemente no se ha dado cuenta de que la transparencia tambi\u00e9n implica hablar con los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n. La entidad declin\u00f3 las m\u00faltiples solicitudes de <STRONG>bUSiness CHILE<\/STRONG> para conseguir una entrevista con su presidente \u00c1ngel Boz\u00e1n, afirmando que estaba demasiado ocupado con la campa\u00f1a para las elecciones del pr\u00f3ximo mes.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">S\u00f3lo a fines de octubre los chilenos sabr\u00e1n si \u00e9l, junto con otros cientos de candidatos, estar\u00e1n a cargo de sus municipalidades en los pr\u00f3ximos cuatro a\u00f1os. Cualquiera sea el resultado, es seguro que las elecciones ser\u00e1n un cautivador espect\u00e1culo pol\u00edtico, una especie de aperitivo antes de la trascendental carrera por la Casa Blanca s\u00f3lo nueve d\u00edas m\u00e1s tarde.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>Gideon Long<\/STRONG> se desempe\u00f1a como periodista freelance en Santiago. Adem\u00e1s trabaja para la BBC.<\/P><!--:--><!--:en--><br \/>\n<!--break--><br \/>\n<B><I>In its own preparation for next month\u2019s municipal elections, bUSiness CHILE looks at whether Chile really has the system of local government it needs. <\/B><\/I><\/p>\n<p>They may not have the same political cachet and global impact as Barack Obama vs. John McCain, but Chile\u2019s municipal elections, due to be staged on Sunday, October 26, will in their own way be just as keenly fought. <\/p>\n<p>But once the vote is over and the dust has settled, those elected will face the more mundane task of running the country at grassroots level &#8211; making sure that local schools and hospitals function properly, the trash gets collected and the street lamps work. In a country like Chile, with a tradition of centralized government, that is not always an easy task.<\/p>\n<p>Chile has 345 municipalities, each with their own mayor and, depending on the size of the electorate, six, eight or ten elected councilors. Around the country, there are, in other words, some 2,400 councilors and, below that executive level, a vast army of municipal officials.  <\/p>\n<p>According to the Chilean Association of Municipalities (AChM), around 185,000 public employees work in the country\u2019s local governments, either directly or indirectly in the schools and hospitals they manage. That represents around 54% of the country\u2019s state-employed workforce.<\/p>\n<p>The profile of Chile\u2019s municipalities varies massively from the rich Santiago neighborhoods of Vitacura and Las Condes and the sprawling suburbs of Puente Alto and Maip\u00fa &#8211; the country\u2019s two most populous municipalities &#8211; to the wildernesses of Patagonia where a municipality might consist of little more than a handful of farms and a police outpost. <\/p>\n<p>According to AChM, one in eight of the country\u2019s municipalities has fewer than 5,000 inhabitants. As a result, they generate only a negligible income and look to the Municipal Common Fund (FCM) for financing. <\/p>\n<p>This redistribution mechanism draws on richer municipalities &#8211; 40 are net contributors &#8211; to finance their less fortunate sisters. In other words, municipalities like Providencia, Vitacura, Las Condes and Santiago Center are heavily subsidizing scores of smaller, poorer municipalities. <\/p>\n<p>The FCM is complex &#8211; too complex and in need of reform, according to some. But it is basically a common pot, into which municipalities put a share of their earnings that is then redistributed according (in theory, at least) to need. <\/p>\n<p>Each municipality\u2019s contribution is calculated using an elaborate system of percentages that reflect criteria including their poverty level and income from local taxes. In addition, central government adds some money to the pot before it is redistributed.<\/p>\n<p>The main criticism of the FCM is that it offers little in the way of incentives for a municipality to do a good job. Indeed, it could be argued that it offers only negative incentives &#8211; if, for example, a municipality reduces poverty, its achievement will mean a drop in the money it receives from the FCM the following year. <\/p>\n<p><font size= \u201c2\u201d> <b>Resources for the job<\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe whole system of financing local government needs reforming from top to bottom,\u201d says Trinidad Vald\u00e9s, a lawyer and expert in local government at Instituto Libertad, a think-tank associated with the Renovaci\u00f3n Nacional opposition party. \u201cThere have been several attempts at reform &#8211; in 2005 for example and again this year &#8211; but it\u2019s always been patchwork.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Vald\u00e9s says the central government\u2019s contribution to the pot &#8211; which amounts to just a couple of percentage points of the total &#8211; should be increased. \u201cThe government was forced to make an extraordinary contribution last year and the same happened again this year,\u201d she says, \u201cand this shows that the initial amount it\u2019s putting in is not enough.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Another complaint about local-government funding is that municipalities are largely forbidden from taking on debt. They can do so only in exceptional circumstances and with the approval of the Finance Ministry.<\/p>\n<p>The AChM is pushing for a change to allow them to issue debt, much in the same way as central governments do with Treasuries and private companies with corporate bonds. According to Alberto Undurraga, the Christian Democrat mayor of Maip\u00fa, this is crucial for long-term funding.<\/p>\n<p>The issuance of debt could be regulated by a ratings body, rather like Fitch or Moody\u2019s, he suggests. \u201cWe need a national authority to rule which municipalities are triple-A, double-A, A, triple-B and so on, and to establish what level of financing that entitles them to,\u201d he says. \u201cIf it exists for countries, why not for municipalities?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>According to AChM, municipalities today account for 13% of total government spending, up from 3% in the 1980s, but still a long way below the levels enjoyed by local governments in Europe and North America. The association says it wants to boost the figure to 30% within the next few years, but that is an ambitious target and unlikely to be met anytime soon.<\/p>\n<p>Even within the ranks of the Concertaci\u00f3n, the government coalition, there are complaints that the process of transferring power and money from Santiago to the provinces has stalled under the current government. \u201cThere is a notable absence now of a public policy driving the process of decentralization &#8211; a process that was very strong during the governments of Presidents Frei and Lagos,\u201d says Claudio Orrego, the Christian Democrat mayor of the Pe\u00f1alol\u00e9n district of Santiago.<\/p>\n<p><font size= \u201c2\u201d> <b>Power structure<\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p>What the municipalities want is more freedom to adjust their structure and services to the changing needs of the local community. They are, they say, straitjacketed by rules under which legislation &#8211; and the delays it implies &#8211; is needed to create even one new post in the smallest and most remote municipality.<\/p>\n<p>In theory, they got what they wanted in 1997 when the Constitution was reformed to include Article 121. That would allow them to determine their own organizational structure and give them greater control over whom they employ and how much they pay, including performance-related incentives. <\/p>\n<p>The catch is that Article 121 has remained a dead-letter law because the regulation required for its implementation has never been passed by Congress. Widely supported by mayors, it is staunchly opposed by ASEMUCH, the body representing thousands of local government officials up and down the country, which see it as a threat to job security.  <\/p>\n<p>In August, ASEMUCH won the latest battle in the war when the Senate rejected the regulatory bill, effectively putting it on hold for at least another year. \u201cIt\u2019s absurd that it was voted down in the Senate,\u201d says Maip\u00fa\u2019s Undurraga. \u201cIf you\u2019re going to make a mayor the head of local government, then you have to do it properly and make him truly the head.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Another widely acknowledged problem in Chile\u2019s system of local government is a lack of training and administrative expertise, particularly in small municipalities. There are few educational opportunities in Chile for those who wish to pursue a career in local government and even where opportunities do exist, funding is scarce.<\/p>\n<p>Santiago\u2019s Adolfo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez University is one the few institutions to offer a postgraduate course specifically designed to give government officials, including mayors and councilors, the training they need.<\/p>\n<p>The course &#8211; a Masters in Management and Public Policy &#8211; was set up six years ago. Since then, some 300 pupils have completed it and gone on to take various public-sector jobs. One former pupil is, for example, standing for election as mayor of the Lo Barnechea district of Santiago next month. <\/p>\n<p>The program\u2019s director Fernando Larra\u00edn says one of the beauties of the course is that it involves only two days of classes every fortnight &#8211; on Fridays and Saturdays &#8211; meaning that pupils can attend from outside Santiago. \u201cSince we started, nearly 40% of our pupils have been from outside the capital, something we\u2019re very proud of,\u201d he says. \u201cWe\u2019ve had pupils from Arica to Punta Arenas.\u201d<\/p>\n<p> The hope is that as more and more pupils attend courses like this, the quality of government administration will improve. And that, as it does, it will lead to greater transparency in local government. <\/p>\n<p><font size= \u201c2\u201d> <b>Access to information<\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p>Transparency and corruption have become the two buzzwords in local government circles in recent years. Faced with growing public anger, mayors and councilors have been at pains to argue that the former is improving and the latter is being stamped out.<\/p>\n<p>Vald\u00e9s, at Instituto Libertad, says that a new law on access to public information should go a long way to improve transparency. It obliges municipalities to post detailed information about their operations on regularly updated, interactive websites.<\/p>\n<p>AChM says it supports the principle behind the law but questions where the resources will come from to ensure its implementation. According to one source at the association, only around a third of Chilean municipalities have interactive websites while another third have sites that are \u201clittle more than picture galleries\u201d and the other third have none at all.  <\/p>\n<p>\u201cAs things stand, there are very, very few municipalities in Chile that comply with all the various regulations on transparency,\u201d says Vald\u00e9s. <\/p>\n<p>And, of course, the danger is that without transparency and accountability, corruption will thrive. The level of corruption in Chile\u2019s local governments is difficult to gauge accurately, but certainly the public perception is that it is on the increase. <\/p>\n<p>This may, of course, be simply due to the fact that this is an election year &#8211; the perfect opportunity for Chile\u2019s political parties to dig the dirt on their opponents and score political points in the run-up to the vote. <\/p>\n<p>Maip\u00fa\u2019s Undurraga says that corruption at a municipal level \u201cexists, although it\u2019s not widespread\u201d while Vald\u00e9s describes it as \u201ca big problem\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>In early 2007, Instituto Libertad published an exhaustive study of reported cases of corruption in Chilean municipalities since the country\u2019s return to democracy in 1990. The study, updated earlier this year, reads like a Who\u2019s Who of municipal misdemeanor.<\/p>\n<p>Many reported irregularities appear to stem from a weak system of checks and balances. Take, for example, the case of the mayor and local officials from Punta Arenas who in 2001 set off on a promotional tour of Europe, taking in the Netherlands, France, Croatia and Spain at a cost of 40 million pesos (some US$ 80,000) to public funds. <\/p>\n<p>When local journalists questioned the wisdom of such a tour, officials retorted that it had been approved by the council and was, therefore, legitimate. That was perfectly true but raised the question of whether the council shouldn\u2019t have stood up to the mayor and vetoed the trip on cost grounds.<\/p>\n<p>AChM says it is committed to greater transparency in local government &#8211; although it has apparently failed to realize that transparency also involves talking to the media. It declined multiple requests from bUSiness CHILE for an interview with its president Angel Boz\u00e1n, claiming he was too busy campaigning for next month\u2019s election.<\/p>\n<p>Only at the end of October will Chileans know whether he, along with hundreds of other candidates, will be in charge of their local government for the next four years. Whatever the results, the election is sure to be an engaging political spectacle &#8211; a kind of appetizer to the momentous race for the White House just nine days later. <\/p>\n<p><b>Gideon Long<\/b> is a freelance journalist based in Santiago. He also works for the BBC.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><P>En su propia preparaci\u00f3n para las elecciones municipales del pr\u00f3ximo mes, <STRONG>bUSiness CHILE<\/STRONG> analiza si Chile realmente tiene el sistema de Gobierno que necesita. Puede que no tengan el mismo prestigio pol\u00edtico ni el impacto mundial que Barack Obama vs. John McCain, pero las elecciones municipales de Chile, que se realizar\u00e1n el domingo 26 de octubre, ser\u00e1n seguidas con igual intensidad. <!--:--><!--:en-->In its own preparation for next month\u2019s municipal elections, bUSiness CHILE looks at whether Chile really has the system of local government it needs. <\/p>\n<p>They may not have the same political cachet and global impact as Barack Obama vs. John McCain, but Chile\u2019s municipal elections, due to be staged on Sunday, October 26, will in their own way be just as keenly fought.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-4013","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gobiernos Municipales Bajo la LupaLocal Government under Scrutiny - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/gobiernos-municipales-bajo-la-lupa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gobiernos Municipales Bajo la LupaLocal Government under Scrutiny - AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"En su propia preparaci\u00f3n para las elecciones municipales del pr\u00f3ximo mes, bUSiness CHILE analiza si Chile realmente tiene el sistema de Gobierno que necesita. Puede que no tengan el mismo prestigio pol\u00edtico ni el impacto mundial que Barack Obama vs. John McCain, pero las elecciones municipales de Chile, que se realizar\u00e1n el domingo 26 de octubre, ser\u00e1n seguidas con igual intensidad. In its own preparation for next month\u2019s municipal elections, bUSiness CHILE looks at whether Chile really has the system of local government it needs.   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Puede que no tengan el mismo prestigio pol\u00edtico ni el impacto mundial que Barack Obama vs. John McCain, pero las elecciones municipales de Chile, que se realizar\u00e1n el domingo 26 de octubre, ser\u00e1n seguidas con igual intensidad. In its own preparation for next month\u2019s municipal elections, bUSiness CHILE looks at whether Chile really has the system of local government it needs.   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