{"id":3868,"date":"2007-09-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2007-09-01T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-01-28T18:34:08","modified_gmt":"2015-01-28T21:34:08","slug":"el-costo-del-aire-limpio","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/el-costo-del-aire-limpio\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->El Costo del Aire Limpio<!--:--><!--:en-->The Cost of Clean Air<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><br \/>\n<!--break--><br \/>\nTras una d\u00e9cada de mejoras constantes a la calidad del aire de Santiago, los \u00faltimos dos a\u00f1os han sido testigos de una preocupante tendencia de aumento de la contaminaci\u00f3n. Y, seg\u00fan Ricardo Katz, director gerente de Gesti\u00f3n Ambiental Consultores, la situaci\u00f3n podr\u00eda empeorar antes de registrarse una mejor\u00eda. <\/p>\n<p>Este deterioro atribuido principalmente al uso industrial de combustibles f\u00f3siles debido a la escasez de gas natural desde Argentina- es &#8220;un bache en el camino&#8221;, se\u00f1ala Katz. Pero el experto, tambi\u00e9n se\u00f1ala que esta situaci\u00f3n conlleva a plantearse preguntas a\u00fan m\u00e1s fundamentales,  como  saber, cu\u00e1nto valoran los santiaguinos el aire limpio y cu\u00e1nto crecimiento econ\u00f3mico est\u00e1 la ciudad dispuesta a sacrificar a fin de respirar con mayor facilidad. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>\u00bfQu\u00e9 le est\u00e1 pasando al aire de Santiago?<\/b><\/i> <\/p>\n<p>La tendencia de mejor\u00eda de la calidad del aire ha comenzado a desacelerarse y, desde el a\u00f1o pasado, incluso ha comenzado a revertirse. Las restricciones del gas argentino han aumentado y el sector industrial tiene que usar combustibles f\u00f3siles como el di\u00e9sel, de modo que probablemente estemos ingresando a un per\u00edodo en que la calidad del aire comenzar\u00e1 empeorar en comparaci\u00f3n con hace dos o tres a\u00f1os. A\u00fan se requieren estudios, pero la causa probable es el cambio en los combustibles.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>\u00bfC\u00f3mo puede medirse el impacto que tiene el uso de los combustibles sobre la calidad del aire?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Las autoridades ambientales no llevan un registro del volumen de los distintos combustibles que se consumen en Santiago. Sus estimaciones se publican varios a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s del hecho, de modo que hoy s\u00f3lo tenemos estad\u00edsticas del per\u00edodo 2004-2005. Los niveles de emisiones diarias que publican las autoridades muestran el resultado del problema, pero no la causa.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>Usted asesora a empresas sobre temas ambientales; \u00bfqu\u00e9 est\u00e1n haciendo sus clientes respecto de sus emisiones?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Las normas ambientales son independientes del tipo de combustibles empleados y una f\u00e1brica puede usar cualquier tipo de combustible siempre y cuando cumpla con los l\u00edmites de emisiones. De modo que el hecho de que haya menos gas disponible para las industrias no significa necesariamente que est\u00e1n violando los l\u00edmites impuestos. Una f\u00e1brica puede tener permiso para emitir 200 kilogramos anuales (de contaminantes del aire) y con el gas natural emit\u00eda s\u00f3lo 50 kilogramos, de modo que hab\u00eda un beneficio &#8220;gratuito&#8221; para el aire. Ahora bien usando di\u00e9sel, la misma f\u00e1brica podr\u00eda estar emitiendo 180 kilogramos y a\u00fan as\u00ed est\u00e1 bajo el l\u00edmite, pero el beneficio para el aire desapareci\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>En cuanto a mis clientes, si se cambian del gas al di\u00e9sel tienen que modificar su tecnolog\u00eda de combusti\u00f3n o instalar filtros de control de emisiones, que es lo que est\u00e1n haciendo ahora. Esto a menudo implica mayores costos, pero no tienen otra alternativa.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>Si se est\u00e1n tomando estas medidas, \u00bfpor qu\u00e9 ha empeorado la contaminaci\u00f3n del aire en Santiago?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Cambiar la tecnolog\u00eda e instalar controles de emisiones es un proceso. Algunos de mis clientes ya han hecho las modificaciones, pero otros a\u00fan est\u00e1n haci\u00e9ndolas. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>\u00bfC\u00f3mo garantizan las autoridades que las empresas cumplan con las normas?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>El gobierno impone l\u00edmites a las emisiones, pero a menudo no con el rigor que debiera, que es la raz\u00f3n por la cual ciertas actividades est\u00e1n emitiendo m\u00e1s de lo que las normas permiten. Por una parte, hay una falta de recursos y, por otra, no quiero usar las palabras &#8220;voluntad pol\u00edtica&#8221;, pero las autoridades se han dado cuenta de que los cambios necesarios para adaptar un tipo distinto de combustible no son instant\u00e1neos y pueden tener un impacto negativo sobre la actividad industrial. Es por esta raz\u00f3n que el per\u00edodo para cumplir con las normas es impl\u00edcito, no expl\u00edcito. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>\u00bfSe est\u00e1 sacrificando la calidad del aire en Santiago para garantizar que la actividad industrial mantenga su s\u00f3lido ritmo?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>S\u00ed, as\u00ed parece. Los altos niveles de contaminaci\u00f3n observados este a\u00f1o seguir\u00e1n creciendo. Una opci\u00f3n es reducir los l\u00edmites de emisi\u00f3n. En Santiago, \u00e9stos no se han modificado desde el 2000, pero las autoridades est\u00e1n revisando el plan de contaminaci\u00f3n del aire de la ciudad y podr\u00edan reducir los l\u00edmites a\u00fan m\u00e1s en el 2008. Creo que la norma debiera modificarse a fin de reducir el nivel de material particulado fino, que seg\u00fan muestran los estudios internacionales es el m\u00e1s peligroso para la salud. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>\u00bfQu\u00e9 hay del efecto que tienen los autom\u00f3viles en la contaminaci\u00f3n del aire?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Hay dos factores ah\u00ed. En primer lugar, ha habido un incremento en la cantidad de veh\u00edculos en las calles y en segundo lugar, con el alto precio de la gasolina, tambi\u00e9n ha habido un aumento en el porcentaje de veh\u00edculos a di\u00e9sel. Si bien la tecnolog\u00eda es buena y el di\u00e9sel es de alta calidad, estos veh\u00edculos contaminan m\u00e1s que los autom\u00f3viles a gasolina. <\/p>\n<p>Los veh\u00edculos individuales deben cumplir con l\u00edmites de emisiones, pero la cantidad total de emisiones no est\u00e1 regulada. De modo que podr\u00edamos tener, digamos, cinco millones de veh\u00edculos cumpliendo los l\u00edmites de emisiones, pero la calidad del aire empeorar\u00eda debido a que la poluci\u00f3n proveniente del parque automotor se habr\u00e1 incrementado. A mi juicio, ha habido una falta de planificaci\u00f3n, porque adem\u00e1s de regular las emisiones individuales tienes que controlar la cantidad de veh\u00edculos. Es por ello que mucha gente cree que debiera haber un impuesto a la contaminaci\u00f3n aplicado a las bombas de bencina o a los peajes por manejar dentro de la ciudad.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>\u00bfCu\u00e1l ha sido el impacto del Transantiago, el nuevo sistema de transporte p\u00fablico?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>No ha tenido el impacto positivo que se supon\u00eda deb\u00eda tener. No tengo las cifras exactas, pero he visto buses viejos a di\u00e9sel pintados para que parezcan buses nuevos del Transantiago. Incluso los nuevos est\u00e1n contaminando m\u00e1s que cuando comenzaron a operar debido a la falta de mantenimiento u otros factores. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>\u00bfPuede Santiago seguir creciendo al ritmo actual sin que aumente la contaminaci\u00f3n del aire?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Es posible, pero es caro y todos tenemos que pagar el costo, ya sea a trav\u00e9s de mayores cuentas de calefacci\u00f3n, costos de los combustibles o del transporte p\u00fablico. Sin embargo, en la sociedad en general hay una falta de voluntad para asumir este costo. Los beneficios del aire m\u00e1s limpio no son tan notorios como los costos que salen de los bolsillos de la gente. Se quejan del aire, pero hasta ah\u00ed no m\u00e1s llegan. Mira la cobertura que han dado los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n al problema de la contaminaci\u00f3n este a\u00f1o, no fue ni cercana a la extensa revisi\u00f3n del Transantiago, lo que muestra que la gente se preocupa m\u00e1s del transporte p\u00fablico y de la delincuencia que de la contaminaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>\u00bfEs inevitable la contaminaci\u00f3n del aire en Santiago o es culpa de la deficiente planificaci\u00f3n urbana?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Estad\u00edsticamente hablando, el medio ambiente a\u00fan es considerado un lujo en los pa\u00edses en v\u00edas de desarrollo y, por lo tanto, no es una prioridad. Chile ha llegado a un nivel de ingresos en el que este tema debiera ser una preocupaci\u00f3n. Pero Santiago no es una ciudad, es muchas ciudades y dentro de Santiago hay \u00e1reas que est\u00e1n m\u00e1s contaminadas que otras. Un libro publicado el a\u00f1o pasado por el Centro de Estudios P\u00fablicos (CEP) muestra que el adinerado barrio de Las Condes est\u00e1 relativamente limpio y que el de Pudahuel, m\u00e1s despose\u00eddo, est\u00e1 muy contaminado. Esto es b\u00e1sicamente un tema de la circulaci\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica y de la ubicaci\u00f3n de las industrias contaminantes. Es cuesti\u00f3n del gobierno abordar este tema, pero primero la gente tiene que exigirle que lo haga, porque de lo contrario no lo har\u00e1. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>\u00bfC\u00f3mo se compara el aire de Santiago con el de otras grandes ciudades en Am\u00e9rica Latina?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Santiago tiene una mejor calidad del aire que ciudades como S\u00e3o Paulo y Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, pero -a medida que la calidad del aire aumenta- las mejoras se vuelven m\u00e1s dif\u00edciles y costosas. Ha habido un gran avance en Santiago, pero uno no puede esperar que el camino nunca tenga sobresaltos y claramente estamos entrando en un tramo lleno de baches.<!--:--><!--:en--><br \/>\n<!--break--><br \/>\nAfter a decade of steady improvement in the quality of Santiago\u2019s air, the last two years have seen a worrying trend of rising pollution. And, according to Ricardo Katz, managing director of Gesti\u00f3n Ambiental Consultores, an environmental consultancy firm, the situation could get worse before it gets better. <\/p>\n<p>The deterioration &#8211; attributed mainly to industrial use of oil-based fuels in the face of a scarcity of natural gas from Argentina &#8211; is \u201ca bump on the road\u201d, says Katz. But, he adds, it also points to the more fundamental question of how much santiaguinos value clean air and how much economic growth the city is willing to sacrifice in order to breathe easier. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>What\u2019s happening to the air in Santiago?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>The trend of improving air quality has begun to slow and, since last year, has even started to reverse. Argentine gas restrictions have increased and the industrial sector is having to use oil-based fuels like diesel, so we are probably entering a period in which air quality will be worse than two or three years ago. Studies are still needed but the likely cause is the change in fuels.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>How can the impact of fuel use on air quality be measured?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>The environmental authorities don\u2019t keep records of the volume of different fuels consumed in Santiago. Their estimates are released several years after the fact so today we only have statistics from 2004-2005. The daily emissions levels they publish show the result of the problem, but not the cause.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>You advise companies on environmental issues; what are your clients doing about their emissions?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Environmental norms are independent of the type of fuel used and a factory can use any type of fuel providing it complies with its emissions limits. So the fact there is less gas available to industries does not necessarily mean they are violating the limits. A factory might have the right to emit 200kg\/year [of air pollutants] and with natural gas was only emitting 50kg, so there was a \u201cfree\u201d benefit to the air. Now using diesel, the same factory might be emitting 180kg and is still under the limit, but the benefit to the air is gone.<\/p>\n<p>Speaking for my own clients, if they switch from gas to diesel they have to change their combustion technology or install emissions control filters, which is what they are doing now. This often implies greater costs, but they have no choice.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>If these measures are being taken, why has air pollution in Santiago worsened?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Changing technology and installing emissions controls is a process. Some of my clients have already made the changes but others are still doing so. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>How do the authorities ensure companies comply with the norms<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>The government enforces emissions limits but often not with the rigor it should, which is why certain activities are emitting more than the rules allow. On the one hand, there is a lack of resources and, on the other, I don\u2019t want to use the words \u201cpolitical will\u201d but the authorities have realized that the changes necessary to adapt to a different type of fuel are not instantaneous and can have a negative impact on industrial activity. This is why the period to comply with the norms is implicit, not explicit. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>Is the quality of air in Santiago being sacrificed to ensure that industrial activity continues at a robust pace?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Yes, it appears so. The high levels of pollution seen this year will continue to increase. One option is to reduce emissions limits. These have not changed in Santiago since 2000, but the authorities are reviewing the city\u2019s air pollution plan and could reduce limits further in 2008. I believe the norm should be changed to reduce the level of fine particulate matter which international studies show is the most dangerous to health. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>What about the impact of cars on air pollution?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>There are two factors there. Firstly, there has been an increase in the number of vehicles on the roads and secondly, with the high price of gasoline, there has also been an increase in the percentage of diesel-fuelled vehicles. Even though the technology is good and the diesel is high quality, these vehicles pollute more than gasoline-fuelled vehicles. <\/p>\n<p>Individual vehicles must comply with emissions limits but the total amount of emissions is not regulated. So we could have, say, five million vehicles all complying with emissions limits but air quality would be worse because the total pollution coming from the vehicle park would have increased. In my opinion, there has been a lack of planning because as well as regulating individual emissions you have to control the number of vehicles. That is why many people think there should be a pollution tax levied at the pump or tolls for driving within the city.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>What has been the impact of Transantiago, the new public transport system?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>It hasn\u2019t had the positive impact it was supposed to have. I don\u2019t have the exact figures but I\u2019ve seen old diesel-fuelled buses painted to look like new Transantiago buses. Even the new buses are emitting more than when they started running due to lack of maintenance or other factors. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>Can Santiago keep growing at its current pace without increasing air pollution?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>It is possible but it\u2019s expensive and everyone has to pay the cost, whether through higher heating bills, fuel costs or public transport. But in society in general there is a lack of will to pay this cost. The benefits of cleaner air are not as noticeable as the costs that come out of people\u2019s pockets. They complain about the air, but that\u2019s as far as it goes. Look at the media coverage of the pollution problem this year, it was not nearly as extensive as that of Transantiago which shows people care more about public transport and crime than pollution.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>Is air pollution unavoidable in Santiago or is poor urban planning to blame?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Statistically speaking, the environment is still considered a luxury in developing countries and therefore is not a priority. Chile has reached an income level at which it should be a concern. But Santiago is not a city &#8211; it is many cities and within Santiago there are areas that are more polluted than others. A book published last year by the Centro de Estudios P\u00fablicos (CEP) shows that the well-to-do neighborhood of Las Condes is relatively clean and the poor neighborhood of Pudahuel is very polluted. This is basically an issue of atmospheric circulation and the location of emitting industries. It is up to the government to address this issue, but first people have to demand it does so because otherwise it won\u2019t happen. <\/p>\n<p><b><i>How does Santiago\u2019s air compare with other big cities in Latin America?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Santiago has better quality air than cities like Sao Paulo and Mexico City but, as the air gets better, improvements become more difficult and costly. There has been a great improvement in Santiago but you can\u2019t expect the road always to be smooth and we are clearly entering a bumpy stretch.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es-->Tras una d\u00e9cada de mejoras constantes a la calidad del aire de Santiago, los \u00faltimos dos a\u00f1os han sido testigos de una preocupante tendencia de aumento de la contaminaci\u00f3n. Y, seg\u00fan Ricardo Katz, director gerente de Gesti\u00f3n Ambiental Consultores, la situaci\u00f3n podr\u00eda empeorar antes de registrarse una mejor\u00eda.<!--:--><!--:en-->After a decade of steady improvement in the quality of Santiago\u2019s air, the last two years have seen a worrying trend of rising pollution. And, according to Ricardo Katz, managing director of Gesti\u00f3n Ambiental Consultores, an environmental consultancy firm, the situation could get worse before it gets better.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-3868","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>El Costo del Aire LimpioThe Cost of Clean Air - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/el-costo-del-aire-limpio\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"El Costo del Aire LimpioThe Cost of Clean Air - AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tras una d\u00e9cada de mejoras constantes a la calidad del aire de Santiago, los \u00faltimos dos a\u00f1os han sido testigos de una preocupante tendencia de aumento de la contaminaci\u00f3n. Y, seg\u00fan Ricardo Katz, director gerente de Gesti\u00f3n Ambiental Consultores, la situaci\u00f3n podr\u00eda empeorar antes de registrarse una mejor\u00eda.After a decade of steady improvement in the quality of Santiago\u2019s air, the last two years have seen a worrying trend of rising pollution. And, according to Ricardo Katz, managing director of Gesti\u00f3n Ambiental Consultores, an environmental consultancy firm, the situation could get worse before it gets better.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/el-costo-del-aire-limpio\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-01-28T21:34:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/el-costo-del-aire-limpio\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/el-costo-del-aire-limpio\\\/\",\"name\":\"El Costo del Aire LimpioThe Cost of Clean Air - AmCham Chile\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2007-09-01T04:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-01-28T21:34:08+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/el-costo-del-aire-limpio\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/el-costo-del-aire-limpio\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/noticia\\\/el-costo-del-aire-limpio\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"El Costo del Aire LimpioThe Cost of Clean Air\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/\",\"name\":\"AmCham Chile\",\"description\":\"C\u00e1mara Chilena Norteamericana de Comercio\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/amchamchile.cl\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"El Costo del Aire LimpioThe Cost of Clean Air - AmCham Chile","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/el-costo-del-aire-limpio\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"El Costo del Aire LimpioThe Cost of Clean Air - AmCham Chile","og_description":"Tras una d\u00e9cada de mejoras constantes a la calidad del aire de Santiago, los \u00faltimos dos a\u00f1os han sido testigos de una preocupante tendencia de aumento de la contaminaci\u00f3n. Y, seg\u00fan Ricardo Katz, director gerente de Gesti\u00f3n Ambiental Consultores, la situaci\u00f3n podr\u00eda empeorar antes de registrarse una mejor\u00eda.After a decade of steady improvement in the quality of Santiago\u2019s air, the last two years have seen a worrying trend of rising pollution. 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