{"id":3646,"date":"2006-05-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2006-05-01T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-02-02T09:11:13","modified_gmt":"2015-02-02T12:11:13","slug":"la-calidad-del-aire-en-santiago","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/la-calidad-del-aire-en-santiago\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->La Calidad del Aire en Santiago<!--:--><!--:en-->Air Quality in Santiago<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><br \/>\n<!--break--><br \/>\nA comienzos de mayo, a\u00fan no ha llovido en Santiago y todo el mundo se queja por la contaminaci\u00f3n del aire que envuelve a la ciudad. \u00bfEst\u00e1 empeorando realmente, en lugar de mejorar, como cree la mayor\u00eda de la gente? Y \u00bfest\u00e1 en lo correcto la reciente auditor\u00eda internacional -solicitada por la Conama de la Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana, la autoridad ambiental de la ciudad- cuando sugiere que Santiago podr\u00eda no disfrutar nunca de un aire saludable? <\/p>\n<p>Desafortunadamente, la auditor\u00eda est\u00e1 en lo correcto en cuanto a que -a su actual tasa de desarrollo-, Santiago simplemente no va a resolver su problema de contaminaci\u00f3n ambiental, sostiene Ricardo Katz, director gerente de Gesti\u00f3n Ambiental Consultores, firma consultora ubicada en Santiago. En la d\u00e9cada de los \u201890 se lograron avances significativos, pero el progreso se ha estancado desde entonces y, en el caso de algunos contaminantes, la poluci\u00f3n incluso ha aumentado, sostiene Katz, ingeniero civil que tiene un mag\u00edster en gesti\u00f3n ambiental, de la Universidad de Texas.  <\/p>\n<p><B>\u00bfRealmente es Santiago una de las ciudades del mundo con el aire m\u00e1s contaminado?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>No podr\u00eda decir si se encuentra entre las 10 o las 20 primeras, pero s\u00ed tiene un serio problema. La presencia de part\u00edculas respirables (PM10) y ozono supera los est\u00e1ndares de calidad del aire de la ciudad, mientras que el mon\u00f3xido de carbono est\u00e1 comenzando a avanzar en la misma direcci\u00f3n.  <\/p>\n<p><B>\u00bfQu\u00e9 es lo que est\u00e1 mal, la falta de recursos, la falta de compromiso pol\u00edtico?<\/B> <\/p>\n<p>La cantidad de recursos disponibles es un tema, pero tambi\u00e9n lo es la gesti\u00f3n de esos recursos. Y en ese aspecto, creo, no se ha hecho lo suficiente. Adem\u00e1s, la autoridad ambiental, Conama, est\u00e1 encabezada por un consejo de ministros, de modo que las prioridades pol\u00edticas son importantes en determinar qu\u00e9 se hace y qu\u00e9 no. <\/p>\n<p>Por ejemplo, los incentivos econ\u00f3micos -comercio de emisiones- para mejorar la calidad del aire eran parte de un plan dise\u00f1ado en 1992 y Santiago es un pionero internacional en este campo. Pero los incentivos s\u00f3lo se aplicaban a calderas y la ciudad desperdici\u00f3 una gran oportunidad al no usarlos m\u00e1s ampliamente. Eso reci\u00e9n est\u00e1 ocurriendo ahora, \u00a1m\u00e1s de una d\u00e9cada despu\u00e9s!<\/p>\n<p>Luego, las prioridades pol\u00edticas una vez m\u00e1s no son arbitrarias. Por ejemplo, \u00bfpuede un gobierno duplicar el valor del transporte p\u00fablico en una apuesta por mejorar la calidad del aire, cuando los pasajes ya corresponden a una importante parte del ingreso de muchos de los habitantes de la ciudad? <\/p>\n<p><B>En el cap\u00edtulo que usted escribi\u00f3 para el libro sobre Santiago, publicado recientemente por el Centro de Estudios P\u00fablicos, usted se\u00f1ala que en la d\u00e9cada de los \u201890 se logr\u00f3 un gran avance en cuanto a contaminaci\u00f3n del aire&#8230;<\/B><\/p>\n<p>S\u00ed, eso es cierto, especialmente en la primera mitad de la d\u00e9cada. Por supuesto, era m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil en ese entonces. Siempre es m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil al comienzo cuando los retornos son mayores, pero el punto clave fue la decisi\u00f3n de concentrarse en las part\u00edculas en suspensi\u00f3n. Entre los a\u00f1os 1990 y 2000, las PM10 bajaron en m\u00e1s de un 30%, mientras que su equivalente m\u00e1s fino y da\u00f1ino para la salud, las PM2,5, disminuyeron un 40%. Los factores m\u00e1s importantes en ese logro fueron est\u00e1ndares de emisiones m\u00e1s estrictos para los buses de la ciudad y t\u00e9cnicas de medici\u00f3n m\u00e1s sofisticadas, introducidas a fines de los ochenta y principios de los noventa, junto con el retiro de los veh\u00edculos que simplemente no cumplieran con la norma. Luego, en 1992, se emitieron nuevas regulaciones sobre las emisiones industriales y eso tambi\u00e9n hizo una importante contribuci\u00f3n. <\/p>\n<p><B>\u00bfY qu\u00e9 ha ocurrido con la contaminaci\u00f3n del aire en los \u00faltimos cinco a\u00f1os?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>Bueno, la contaminaci\u00f3n particulada se ha mantenido estable y otros contaminantes han aumentado.<\/p>\n<p><B>\u00bfPor qu\u00e9?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>B\u00e1sicamente, se debe al crecimiento de la actividad econ\u00f3mica. Santiago ha experimentado un importante incremento de la actividad; la ciudad hoy en d\u00eda es muy diferente a lo que era en 1990. Hay tres o cuatro veces m\u00e1s autom\u00f3viles en las calles, el consumo de energ\u00eda ha crecido y la producci\u00f3n industrial ha aumentado.<\/p>\n<p><B>Entonces, \u00bfa qui\u00e9n hay que responsabilizar por la contaminaci\u00f3n del aire hoy en d\u00eda?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>No hay tantas fuentes de contaminaci\u00f3n; se reduce a viviendas, industria y transporte, incluido el transporte p\u00fablico, el uso de autom\u00f3viles y el transporte de carga. <\/p>\n<p>Mi impresi\u00f3n es que, en lo que se refiere a part\u00edculas, los autos son ahora la principal fuente de contaminaci\u00f3n. No es que individualmente contaminen mucho, sino que hay muchos. Lo mismo se aplica para las viviendas y se podr\u00eda hacer m\u00e1s por reducir las emisiones del transporte de carga.<\/p>\n<p><B>\u00bfQu\u00e9 ocurre con los procesos industriales?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>La contaminaci\u00f3n industrial ha disminuido enormemente; la industria -al menos las grandes empresas- act\u00faan de un modo diferente hoy en d\u00eda y las nuevas iniciativas en esa \u00e1rea enfrentar\u00e1n el problema de los menores retornos.<\/p>\n<p>Y hay que recordar que Santiago tiene un alto nivel de lo que se denomina &#8216;background contamination\u2019 s\u00f3lo porque est\u00e1 en una zona semi\u00e1rida. Est\u00e1 rodeada por monta\u00f1as, sin vegetaci\u00f3n y no llueve \u00bfpor cu\u00e1nto? ocho meses al a\u00f1o. Eso significa que naturalmente hay muchas part\u00edculas en el aire, independientemente de la actividad de la ciudad, y corresponden al 50% o el 60% del l\u00edmite establecido. <\/p>\n<p><B>\u00bfAyudar\u00eda pavimentar las calles y lavarlas?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>Pavimentar, ciertamente, ayudar\u00eda. Lavar las calles de noche, no realmente: lo que re\u00fanes son part\u00edculas m\u00e1s grandes, muchas de las cuales no se suspenden en el aire.<\/p>\n<p><B>\u00bfQu\u00e9 se puede hacer sobre la contaminaci\u00f3n provocada por los autos?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>Fomentar el uso del transporte p\u00fablico. S\u00ed, s\u00e9 que no es f\u00e1cil que la gente deje sus autos y vuelva al transporte p\u00fablico, pero tienes que intentarlo aun cuando no veas resultados en diez o veinte a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n<p><B>\u00bfCu\u00e1n importante es el impacto del uso industrial de combustibles a base de petr\u00f3leo para reemplazar el gas natural argentino cuando el suministro se restringe?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>Es importante recordar que los l\u00edmites de emisiones no distinguen entre combustibles; son lo mismo ya sea que uses gas natural o petr\u00f3leo. Tenemos clientes que tienen el derecho de emitir, digamos, 100 unidades y con el gas natural emiten 40, pero cuando tienen que cambiarse al petr\u00f3leo, emiten 80. En otras palabras, a\u00fan est\u00e1n dentro de su l\u00edmite, pero las emisiones se duplican. Lo que ocurre es que la ciudad cede parte de la mejora de la calidad del aire que estaba consiguiendo \u201cgratis\u201d, porque con el gas, la empresa estaba emitiendo menos que su l\u00edmite legal.  <\/p>\n<p><B>\u00bfY qu\u00e9 porcentaje del tiempo sus clientes est\u00e1n usando combustibles derivados del petr\u00f3leo ahora?<\/B> <\/p>\n<p>Desconozco el porcentaje, pero lo que s\u00ed s\u00e9 es que, en nuestra experiencia, el uso de combustibles derivados del petr\u00f3leo est\u00e1 aumentando todo el tiempo.<!--:--><!--:en--><br \/>\n<!--break--><br \/>\nAt the beginning of May, it still hadn\u2019t rained in Santiago and everyone was complaining about the air pollution shrouding the city. Is it really getting worse, rather than better, as most people believe? And is a recent international audit &#8211; requested by CONAMA Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana, the city\u2019s environmental authority &#8211; right in suggesting that Santiago may never enjoy healthy air? <\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, the audit\u2019s right in that, at the present rate of progress, Santiago is simply not going to resolve its air pollution problem, says Ricardo Katz, managing director of Gesti\u00f3n Ambiental Consultores, a Santiago-based environmental consultancy firm. Significant advances were achieved in the 1990s, but progress has since stalled and, in the case of some contaminants, pollution has even increased, says Katz, a civil engineer who holds an MSc in environmental management from the University of Texas.  <\/p>\n<p><B>Is Santiago really one of the cities in the world with the dirtiest air?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>I couldn\u2019t say whether it\u2019s in the top ten or top twenty, but it does have a serious problem. The presence of breathable particles (PM10) and ozone exceeds the city\u2019s air quality standards, and carbon monoxide is starting to move in the same direction.  <\/p>\n<p><B>What\u2019s wrong &#8211; a lack of resources, a lack of political commitment?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>The amount of resources available is an issue, but so also is the management of those resources. And there, I think, not enough has been done. Also, the environmental authority, CONAMA, is headed by a council of ministers, so political priorities are important in determining what gets done or not. <\/p>\n<p>For example, economic incentives &#8211; emissions trading &#8211; to improve air quality were part of a plan drawn up in 1992, and Santiago is an international pioneer in this field. But the incentives were only applied to boilers and the city wasted a great opportunity when it failed to use them more extensively. That\u2019s only happening now &#8211; more than a decade later!  <\/p>\n<p>Then again, political priorities aren\u2019t arbitrary. For example, can a government double the price of public transport in a bid to improve air quality when fares already represent an important part of the income of so many of the city\u2019s inhabitants? <\/p>\n<p><B>In the chapter you wrote for the book on Santiago, published recently by the Centro de Estudios P\u00fablicos, you say that a great deal of progress was achieved on air pollution in the 1990s&#8230;<\/B><\/p>\n<p>Yes, that\u2019s true, especially in the first half of the decade. Of course, it was easier then. It always is easier at the beginning when returns are higher, but the trick was the decision to focus on particles in suspension. Between 1990 and 2000, PM10 dropped by more than 30% while their finer and more health-damaging equivalent, PM2.5, dropped by 40%. The most important factors in that achievement were tighter emissions standards for the city\u2019s buses, and more sophisticated measurement techniques, introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and the withdrawal of vehicles that didn\u2019t comply. Then, in 1992, new regulations on industrial emissions were issued and that also made an important contribution. <\/p>\n<p><B>And what\u2019s happened to air pollution in the last five years?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>Well, particle contamination has held steady and other contaminants have increased.<\/p>\n<p><B>Why?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>Basically, it\u2019s a question of the growth of economic activity. Santiago has seen an important increase in activity; the city today is very different from the city of 1990. There are three or four times more cars on the roads; energy consumption has increased; industrial output has increased.<\/p>\n<p><B>So who\u2019s to blame for air pollution today?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>There aren\u2019t that many sources of pollution; it comes down to households, industry and transport, including public transport, car use and freight traffic. <\/p>\n<p>My impression is that, as regards particles, cars are now the main source. It\u2019s not that individually they contaminate much, but there are a lot of them. The same applies to households, and there\u2019s more that could be done to reduce emissions from freight transport.<\/p>\n<p><B>What about industrial processes?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>Industrial contamination has dropped enormously; industry &#8211; at least big companies &#8211; behaves very differently nowadays, and further efforts on that front will face the problem of diminishing returns.<\/p>\n<p>And you have to remember that Santiago has a high level of what\u2019s called \u2018background contamination\u2019 just because it\u2019s in a semi-arid area. It\u2019s surrounded by hills without vegetation and it doesn\u2019t rain for &#8211; what? &#8211; eight months of the year. That means there are naturally a lot of particles in the air, independently of the city\u2019s activity, and they account for 50% or 60% of the established limit. <\/p>\n<p><B>Paving roads and washing them would help there?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>Paving, certainly, would help. Washing the streets at night, not really &#8211; what you gather are bigger particles, not many of which get suspended in the air.<\/p>\n<p><B>What can be done about pollution by cars?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>Encourage the use of public transport. Yes, I know it\u2019s not easy to get people out of their cars and back onto public transport but you have to try, even if you won\u2019t see results for ten or twenty years.<\/p>\n<p><B>How important is the impact of the industrial use of oil-based fuels to replace Argentine natural gas when supply is restricted?<\/B><\/p>\n<p>The important thing to remember is that emissions limits don\u2019t distinguish between fuels; they\u2019re the same whether you\u2019re using natural gas or oil. We have clients who have the right to emit, say, 100 units and, with natural gas, are emitting 40 but, when they have to switch to oil, emit 80. In other words, they\u2019re still within their limit, but emissions double. What happens is that the city loses out on part of the improvement in air quality that it was getting \u201cfree\u201d because, with gas, the company was emitting less than its legal limit.  <\/p>\n<p><B>And what percentage of the time are your clients using oil fuels now?<\/B> <\/p>\n<p>I don\u2019t know the percentage, but what I do know is that, in our experience, the use of oil fuels is increasing all the time.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es-->A comienzos de mayo, a\u00fan no ha llovido en Santiago y todo el mundo se queja por la contaminaci\u00f3n del aire que envuelve a la ciudad. \u00bfEst\u00e1 empeorando realmente, en lugar de mejorar, como cree la mayor\u00eda de la gente?<!--:--><!--:en-->At the beginning of May, it still hadn\u2019t rained in Santiago and everyone was complaining about the air pollution shrouding the city. Is it really getting worse, rather than better, as most people believe?<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-3646","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>La Calidad del Aire en SantiagoAir Quality in Santiago - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/la-calidad-del-aire-en-santiago\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La Calidad del Aire en SantiagoAir Quality in Santiago - AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A comienzos de mayo, a\u00fan no ha llovido en Santiago y todo el mundo se queja por la contaminaci\u00f3n del aire que envuelve a la ciudad. \u00bfEst\u00e1 empeorando realmente, en lugar de mejorar, como cree la mayor\u00eda de la gente?At the beginning of May, it still hadn\u2019t rained in Santiago and everyone was complaining about the air pollution shrouding the city. 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