{"id":3520,"date":"2005-06-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2005-06-01T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-02-02T09:00:43","modified_gmt":"2015-02-02T12:00:43","slug":"la-nueva-bolsa-de-productos-agropecuarios-de-chile","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/la-nueva-bolsa-de-productos-agropecuarios-de-chile\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->La Nueva Bolsa de Productos Agropecuarios de Chile<!--:--><!--:en-->Chile\u2019s New Agricultural Exchange<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><br \/>\n<!--break--><br \/>\n<B><I>En lo que constituye un ejemplo de cooperaci\u00f3n p\u00fablico-privada, un consultor financiero y un funcionario de gobierno han encabezado una cruzada para revivir una ley de letra muerta y ofrecer a los agricultores y a los productores de alimentos del pa\u00eds, una forma nueva de obtener capital de trabajo.<\/B><\/I><\/p>\n<p>Los agricultores chilenos, especialmente aquellos con operaciones de tama\u00f1o mediano y peque\u00f1o, enfrentan dos problemas clave. Dependen fuertemente de los cr\u00e9ditos bancarios para financiarse, lo que representa una opci\u00f3n cara que adem\u00e1s inmoviliza sus activos, puesto que los tienen que entregar en garant\u00eda. La naturaleza del negocio adem\u00e1s significa que generalmente tienen que vender sus cultivos al momento de la cosecha, precisamente cuando la oferta es mayor y los precios est\u00e1n en su punto m\u00e1s bajo.<\/p>\n<p>Estos son dos problemas que la Bolsa de Productos Agropecuarios de Chile promete solucionar. Lista para ser lanzada en junio, el nuevo mercado electr\u00f3nico ofrecer\u00e1 a los agricultores la posibilidad de obtener dinero con el respaldo de sus productos almacenados, y de obtener el pago de los productos que ya han vendido pero cuyo pago a\u00fan no han recibido a trav\u00e9s de la modalidad de factoring. Los creadores de la Bolsa sostienen que a\u00fan cuando \u00e9sta no comprar\u00e1 ni vender\u00e1 los bienes, beneficiar\u00e1 a los productores agr\u00edcolas al mejorar su acceso a la informaci\u00f3n y por la transparencia de los precios.<\/p>\n<p>Cesar Barros, ex director de FIT Research, firma de consultor\u00eda financiera cuya sede se ubica en Santiago, y uno de los socios fundadores de la Bolsa, se\u00f1ala que en Chile la producci\u00f3n de alimentos representa m\u00e1s del 10% del PIB. Barros predice, adem\u00e1s, que en la d\u00e9cada venidera Chile se transformar\u00e1 en uno de los diez exportadores m\u00e1s importantes de alimentos del mundo. <\/p>\n<p>Existen grandes actores en el sector de alimentos de Chile, como el conglomerado Agrosuper, que produce aves, salm\u00f3n, fruta y vino, o los principales productores de salm\u00f3n y vino; sin embargo, existe una gran cantidad de peque\u00f1os agricultores que necesitan urgentemente tener un mejor acceso a financiamiento para poder modernizar y aprovechar las nuevas oportunidades, que se les presentan como consecuencia de los tratados de libre comercio que ha firmado el pa\u00eds. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cLa agricultura chilena necesita instrumentos nuevos m\u00e1s apropiados para las condiciones que enfrenta hoy. Estamos en un momento de enormes oportunidades y la agricultura requiere de mecanismos m\u00e1s sofisticados que en el pasado\u201d, subraya el subsecretario de agricultura, Arturo Barrera, quien tambi\u00e9n contribuy\u00f3 a pavimentar el camino hacia la nueva Bolsa. \u201cLa Bolsa de Productos Agropecuarios tiene la sofisticaci\u00f3n y competitividad necesarias y acercar\u00e1 los mercados de capitales a los agricultores\u201d, predice.<\/p>\n<p>El objetivo de la Bolsa ser\u00e1 construir sobre una de las ventajas clave que Chile ha desarrollado a lo largo del \u00faltimo cuarto de siglo: el tama\u00f1o y la madurez de sus mercados de capital y financiero. \u201cOtros pa\u00edses en Am\u00e9rica Latina tienen bolsas de productos agropecuarios, pero muy pocas de ellas han exhibido buenos resultados; la clave es el tama\u00f1o del sector financiero\u201d, argumenta Barros.<\/p>\n<p>Sin embargo, el mercado nuevo todav\u00eda enfrenta algunos obst\u00e1culos, de los cuales tal vez el m\u00e1s desafiante es convencer a los agricultores de sus virtudes. Los socios fundadores reconocen que el sector agr\u00edcola es por naturaleza sumamente conservador y resistente al cambio, particularmente en aspectos financieros. <\/p>\n<p>No obstante, Tattersall, un importante corredor y comerciante de productos y suministros agr\u00edcolas -que ya ha comprado una acci\u00f3n de la Bolsa- dice que sus clientes est\u00e1n deseosos de tener m\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n sobre ella. \u201cSi se realiza la publicidad adecuada y se proporciona la informaci\u00f3n apropiada, debiera crecer sistem\u00e1ticamente\u2026 tan pronto como convenzamos a uno de nuestros clientes que efect\u00fae una transacci\u00f3n y \u00e9sta tenga \u00e9xito. Eso tendr\u00e1 inmediatamente un efecto multiplicador e incorporar\u00e1 a los dem\u00e1s al mercado\u201d, dice el gerente general de Tattersall\u201d, Jorge Rodr\u00edguez.<\/p>\n<p><B><font color=\"#990000\n\">Los pioneros<\/B><\/font><\/p>\n<p>En 1992 el Congreso de Chile aprob\u00f3 una ley que autorizaba la creaci\u00f3n de una bolsa de productos agropecuarios b\u00e1sicos, pero ese fue el final de la historia hasta que C\u00e9sar Barros, Arturo Barrera, la Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura (SNA) y, m\u00e1s adelante, la Bolsa Electr\u00f3nica, unieron sus fuerzas para materializar el proyecto. <\/p>\n<p>La principal piedra de tope para su desarrollo fue el impuesto al valor agregado (IVA) que, seg\u00fan la ley original, se habr\u00eda cobrado sobre las transacciones, haciendo que fuera pr\u00e1cticamente imposible para los inversionistas financieros participar en el mercado propuesto. El cambio de la ley de IVA demor\u00f3 ocho a\u00f1os. \u201cEn conjunto con el Ministerio de Hacienda, se ha eliminado el IVA, cre\u00e1ndose una zona de libre comercio virtual dentro de la Bolsa\u201d, enfatiza Barros. <\/p>\n<p>Durante ese per\u00edodo, los socios fundadores estudiaron las bolsas de productos agropecuarios que existen en otros pa\u00edses latinoamericanos y la nueva Bolsa chilena se ha basado, en parte, sobre la forma en que opera la bolsa en Bogot\u00e1, Colombia. \u201cLa dimensi\u00f3n de la econom\u00eda agr\u00edcola colombiana es muy similar a la chilena y nos gust\u00f3 la combinaci\u00f3n en la bolsa de Colombia de transacciones f\u00edsicas y financieras; tiene muchos instrumentos para reconvertir una inversi\u00f3n (ganado y otros productos) en valores\u201d, afirma Barrera.<\/p>\n<p>Sin embargo, no fue f\u00e1cil convencer a los actores locales. \u201cHe luchado por m\u00e1s de diez a\u00f1os en contra de un gran escepticismo; las personas afirmaban que nunca podr\u00eda modificar la ley, eliminar el IVA, o reunir a los accionistas. Si hubiera escuchado a la gente que me daba sus opiniones, todav\u00eda estar\u00eda en el punto de partida\u201d, agrega.<\/p>\n<p>No obstante, hoy la Bolsa ya tiene 13 accionistas que podr\u00e1n crear firmas de corretaje para operar en el nuevo mercado, entre los cuales se cuentan C\u00e9sar Barros, la SNA, la Bolsa Electr\u00f3nica -donde se ubicar\u00e1 la nueva Bolsa-, Tattersall, varias empresas de corretaje, un banco, un conglomerado de servicios financieros, algunos productores agr\u00edcolas y Fundaci\u00f3n Chile, instituto de transferencia de tecnolog\u00eda, cuya sede est\u00e1 ubicada en Santiago.<\/p>\n<p>Ahora s\u00f3lo resta esperar que la Superintendencia de Valores y Seguros (SVS) autorice el nuevo mercado y los manuales para su operaci\u00f3n. Barros expresa que no habr\u00e1 celebraciones hasta que no se realice la primera transacci\u00f3n. <\/p>\n<p>Los proyectos son que la Bolsa comience con un pu\u00f1ado de productos -trigo, ma\u00edz y vino a granel- pero \u00e9stos se podr\u00e1n ampliar para incluir cualquier bien que pueda ser considerado un producto b\u00e1sico y estandarizable. En lista de espera est\u00e1n otros productos de recursos naturales, tales como celulosa, madera, salm\u00f3n, remolacha, arroz, uvas, ganado, aves, fertilizantes, concentrado de fruta y cebada malteada.<\/p>\n<p>El trigo y el ma\u00edz son los puntos de partida evidentes, debido a su escala de producci\u00f3n en Chile. \u201cEl trigo y el ma\u00edz son cultivos sumamente importantes para el pa\u00eds; el trigo, con alrededor de 400.000 hect\u00e1reas sembradas, es el principal cultivo, y existen alrededor de 130.000 hect\u00e1reas de ma\u00edz\u201d, se\u00f1ala Barrera.<\/p>\n<p><B><font color=\"#990000\n\">Uso de la Bolsa<\/B><\/font><\/p>\n<p>Para poder obtener dinero en la nueva Bolsa, un agricultor tendr\u00e1 que almacenar sus existencias de producto en un silo registrado, que certificar\u00e1 la cantidad y calidad del producto. El lugar de almacenaje entregar\u00e1 al productor un documento negociable que represente, por ejemplo, las 100 toneladas de trigo que pueden ser entregadas al corredor para su venta en la Bolsa. Entonces, el corredor lo vende en el mercado a 90 d\u00edas con un pacto de retrocompra. Es decir, al cabo de 90 d\u00edas, el agricultor podr\u00e1 recomprar su \u201cinventario\u201d a un precio m\u00e1s bajo, que representar\u00e1 las utilidades del comprador por la transacci\u00f3n. <\/p>\n<p>Adem\u00e1s, la Bolsa permitir\u00e1 a los productores transformar en forma inmediata cuentas por cobrar en efectivo, en lugar de tener que esperar que los clientes paguen las facturas, lo cual puede demorar varios meses. Se espera que esta opci\u00f3n sea atractiva, por ejemplo, para los productores de alimentos que entregan a los supermercados, ya que \u00e9stos que habitualmente \u00e9stos pagan sus facturas a 90 d\u00edas.<\/p>\n<p>Barros manifiesta que la Bolsa estar\u00e1 abierta para inversionistas institucionales como fondos de pensiones, fondos mutuos y compa\u00f1\u00edas de seguros, as\u00ed como tambi\u00e9n, a inversionistas individuales y corporativos. Es m\u00e1s, no estar\u00e1 confinada a los inversionistas chilenos, puesto que su estructura legal permite transacciones dentro y fuera de Chile. \u201cEn teor\u00eda, se podr\u00edan transar tractores de una planta en Wisconsin, Estados Unidos, y podemos adaptar las normas para financiar productos en stock o productos b\u00e1sicos en, por ejemplo, Argentina o Brasil\u201d, subraya.<\/p>\n<p>Una vez que haya alcanzado un nivel significativo de transacciones, la Bolsa espera ampliarse a futuro, marcando as\u00ed una diferencia clave con otras bolsas de productos agropecuarios de Am\u00e9rica Latina y ofreciendo a los productores un instrumento nuevo para manejar el riesgo de los precios. \u201cEstoy convencido de que uno de los principales problemas que enfrenta la agricultura chilena es la alta volatilidad de los precios de la mayor\u00eda de sus productos. El objetivo de cualquier pol\u00edtica agr\u00edcola debe ser generar una menor variabilidad en el rango de precios\u201d, afirma el subsecretario Barrera.<\/p>\n<p>Hemos cifrado grandes expectativas en la Bolsa y nos decidimos a impulsarla porque vemos que es una fuente de financiamiento alternativa y prometedora para el sector agr\u00edcola\u201d sostiene Jorge Rodr\u00edguez de Tattersall. \u201cCreemos que existe el espacio necesario para que se desarrolle y la vemos como una buena oportunidad\u201d, agrega.<\/p>\n<p>A pesar de su confianza, las personas a cargo del desarrollo de la Bolsa no se atreven a predecir los vol\u00famenes o valores de las transacciones. El sector privado estima que podr\u00edan alcanzar los USD 250 millones en los primeros 12 meses, sin contar las ventas de facturas, y elevarse a los USD 3 mil millones anuales dentro de cuatro a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n<p>Juan Carlos Spencer, gerente general de la Bolsa Electr\u00f3nica, estima que las transacciones podr\u00edan alcanzar 5% a 10% del valor de la producci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola chilena; sin embargo, Barros admite que ese es un territorio a\u00fan desconocido. \u201cPotencialmente podr\u00edamos tener niveles muy altos de transacciones, dependiendo de los productos que se incorporen y el talento de los operadores, pero es dif\u00edcil saber la rapidez con que los personas la comenzar\u00e1n a usar\u201d, reconoce.<!--:--><!--:en--><br \/>\n<!--break--><br \/>\n<B><I>In an example of private-public collaboration, a financial consultant and a government official have spearheaded a crusade to revive a dead-letter law and offer the country\u2019s farmers and food producers a new way to raise working capital.<\/B><\/I><\/p>\n<p>Chilean farmers, especially those with small and mid-sized operations, have two key problems. For financing, they are largely dependent on bank borrowing, an expensive option that ties up their assets in collateral. And the nature of the business means that they usually have to take their crops to market at harvest time, precisely when supply is greatest and prices are often at their lowest.<\/p>\n<p>Those are two problems to which Chile\u2019s new Agricultural Exchange &#8211; the Bolsa de Productos Agropecuarios &#8211; promises a solution. Poised for launch in June, the new electronic market will offer farmers the possibility of raising cash on the back of crops held in store, and of factoring invoices for products they have already sold, but for which they have yet to receive payment. Although the Exchange won\u2019t buy and sell crops themselves, it will, say its founders, benefit all agricultural producers by improving access to information and pricing transparency. <\/p>\n<p>In Chile, food production accounts for over 10% of GDP, points out C\u00e9sar Barros, a former director of FIT Research, a Santiago-based financial consultancy firm, and one of the Exchange\u2019s founding partners. Moreover, in the next decade, Chile will, he predicts, become one of the world\u2019s top ten food exporters.  <\/p>\n<p>There are, of course, large players in Chile\u2019s food sector, like the Agrosuper conglomerate, which produces poultry, salmon, fruit and wine, or the major salmon and wine producers, but there is also a plethora of small farmers who urgently need better access to finance in order to modernize and take advantage of new opportunities, such as those created by the country\u2019s free trade agreements. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cChilean agriculture requires new instruments that are more appropriate to the scenarios it now faces; we are at a moment of tremendous opportunities and agriculture needs more sophisticated mechanisms than in the past,\u201d notes Subsecretary of Agriculture Arturo Barrera, who also helped to pioneer the new Exchange. \u201cThe Agricultural Exchange has this sophistication and competitiveness, and will bring the capital markets closer to the countryside,\u201d he predicts. <\/p>\n<p>The Exchange will seek to build on one of the key advantages that Chile has developed over the past quarter of a century &#8211; the size and maturity of its financial and capital markets. \u201cOther countries in Latin America have agricultural exchanges but few do very well; the key is the size of the financial sector,\u201d argues Barros. <\/p>\n<p>However the new market still faces some key hurdles, of which the most challenging is perhaps convincing farmers of its virtues. As the founding partners recognize, the agricultural sector is very conservative by nature, and resistant to change, particularly about financial matters. <\/p>\n<p>However, Tattersall, a leading broker and trader of agricultural products and supplies &#8211; which has already acquired a share in the Exchange &#8211; says that its clients are curious to know more about it. \u201cIf there is adequate publicity and knowledge, then it should grow systematically\u2026as soon as we convince one of our clients to make a transaction and it goes well, that will immediately have a multiplier effect and incorporate others into the market,\u201d says Tattersall general manager, Jorge Rodr\u00edguez. <\/p>\n<p><B><font color=\"#990000\n\">The pioneers<\/B><\/font><\/p>\n<p>It was back in 1992 that a law authorizing the creation of an agricultural commodities exchange was approved by the Chilean Congress, but that was the end of the story until C\u00e9sar Barros, Arturo Barrera, the National Agricultural Society (SNA) and, later, the Bolsa Electr\u00f3nica, Chile\u2019s electronic stock exchange, joined forces to bring the project to fruition. <\/p>\n<p>The main stumbling block to its development was the value added tax (VAT) that would, under the original law, have been charged on transactions, making it virtually impossible for financial investors to participate in the proposed market. It took eight years to get the VAT law changed. \u201cIn collaboration with the Finance Ministry, VAT has been eliminated, creating a virtual free trade zone within the Exchange,\u201d notes Barros. <\/p>\n<p>During that period, the founding partners looked at the agricultural exchanges that exist in other Latin American countries, and Chile\u2019s new Exchange is partly modeled on the one operating in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia. \u201cThe dimension of Colombia\u2019s agricultural economy is very similar to Chile&#8217;s and we liked the Colombian exchange\u2019s mix of physical and financial transactions; it has many instruments for securitizing livestock and other products,\u201d says Barrera.  <\/p>\n<p>But convincing local players wasn\u2019t easy. \u201cI have fought for more than ten years against enormous skepticism; people said I would never be able to modify the law, lift VAT, or unite the shareholders; if I had listened to everyone that gave me their opinion, I would still be at square one,\u201d he says.  <\/p>\n<p>Instead, the Exchange now has 13 shareholders that will be able to form brokerage firms to operate on the new market. As well as C\u00e9sar Barros, the SNA, the Bolsa Electr\u00f3nica &#8211; which will host the Exchange &#8211; and Tattersall, they include several stockbrokerage houses, a bank, a financial services conglomerate, some agricultural producers, and Fundaci\u00f3n Chile, a Santiago-based technology transfer institute.<\/p>\n<p>All that remains is for the securities regulator, SVS, to authorize the new market and the manuals for its operation, but Barros says that there won\u2019t be any celebrations until the first transaction has taken place.  <\/p>\n<p>The Exchange plans to start with a handful of products &#8211; wheat, corn and bulk wine &#8211; but will be able to expand to include any product that can be commoditized and benchmarked. Waiting in the wings are other natural resource products such as cellulose, wood, salmon, sugar beet, rice, grapes, livestock, poultry, fertilizers, fruit concentrates and malt. <\/p>\n<p>Wheat and corn are obvious starting points due to the scale of their production in Chile. \u201cWheat and corn are very important for Chile; wheat, with 400,000 hectares planted, is the main cultivated product, and there are some 130,000 hectares under corn,\u201d Barrera points out. <\/p>\n<p><B><font color=\"#990000\n\">Using the Exchange<\/B><\/font> <\/p>\n<p>In order to raise cash on the new Exchange, a farmer will have to deposit product inventory in a registered silo or warehouse that will certify the quantity and its quality. The warehouse will then give the producer a negotiable document &#8211; representing, for example 100 tonnes of wheat &#8211; that can be turned over to a broker for sale on the Exchange. At the end of 90 days, the farmer will be able to buy back his \u201cinventory\u201d at a discount that represents the purchaser\u2019s earnings on the transaction. <\/p>\n<p>In addition, through the Exchange, producers will also be able to turn receivables into immediate cash, rather than having to wait until clients pay invoices, which can take up to several months. This option is expected to be attractive, for example, to food producers that supply supermarkets, which usually settle invoices after 90 days.<\/p>\n<p>The Exchange will be open to institutional investors, such as pension funds, mutual funds and insurance companies, as well as to individual and corporate investors. Moreover, it won\u2019t be confined to investors in Chile as its legal structure permits transactions inside and outside Chile, points out Barros. \u201cIn theory, we could transact tractors from a plant in Wisconsin, and we can adapt the rules to finance stocks of products or commodities in, for example, Argentina or Brazil,\u201d he notes. <\/p>\n<p>Once it has attained a significant level of transactions, the Exchange hopes to expand into futures, marking a key difference with other agricultural exchanges in Latin America and offering producers a new instrument for managing price risk. \u201cI am convinced that one of the biggest problems facing Chilean agriculture is the high volatility of prices for the majority of its products; an aim of any agricultural policy has to be to generate a smaller variability in the range of prices,\u201d says Subsecretary Barrera. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe have high expectations of the Exchange and our participation in it because we see it as a promising alternative source of financing for the agricultural sector,\u201d says Tattersall\u2019s Jorge Rodr\u00edguez. \u201cWe think there is the necessary space for its development and see it as a good opportunity,\u201d he adds. <\/p>\n<p>But while quietly confident, those involved in the Exchange\u2019s development shy away from predicting the volume or value of transactions. Private sector estimates suggest they could reach US$250 million in the first 12 months, without counting the sale of invoices, and rise to US$3 billion annually within four years. <\/p>\n<p>Juan Carlos Spencer, general manager of Bolsa Electr\u00f3nica, estimates that transactions could amount to 5% to 10% of the value of Chile\u2019s agricultural output, but Barros admits that this is still uncharted territory. \u201cPotentially we could have a very high level of transactions, depending on the products that enter and the talent of the operators, but it\u2019s difficult to know how rapidly people will start to use the Exchange,\u201d he admits.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es-->En lo que constituye un ejemplo de cooperaci\u00f3n p\u00fablico-privada, un consultor financiero y un funcionario de gobierno han encabezado una cruzada para revivir una ley de letra muerta y ofrecer a los agricultores y a los productores de alimentos del pa\u00eds, una forma nueva de obtener capital de trabajo.<!--:--><!--:en-->In an example of private-public collaboration, a financial consultant and a government official have spearheaded a crusade to revive a dead-letter law and offer the country\u2019s farmers and food producers a new way to raise working capital.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-3520","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - 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