{"id":3409,"date":"2010-03-16T16:58:18","date_gmt":"2010-03-16T16:58:18","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-03-16T17:21:31","modified_gmt":"2015-03-16T20:21:31","slug":"los-modelos-de-rol-de-chile-aterrizan","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/en\/noticia\/los-modelos-de-rol-de-chile-aterrizan\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->Los modelos de rol de Chile aterrizan<!--:--><!--:en-->Chile\u2019s role models come down to earth<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El t\u00e9rmino PIGS ha sido popular en la prensa financiera durante los \u00faltimos meses. Sin embargo, esto no se debe a una nueva crisis de la mal nombrada \u201cgripe avear\u201d, sino que se refiere al acr\u00f3nimo de las iniciales de pa\u00edses como Portugal, Italia, Grecia y espa\u00f1a. En algunos reportes&nbsp; se suman una I adicional (PIIGS) que se refiere a Irlanda.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 tienen en com\u00fan Portugal, Italia, Grecia, Espa\u00f1a e Irlanda? Bueno, todos son miembros de la Uni\u00f3n Europea, por supuesto, pero tambi\u00e9n tienen los m\u00e1s altos niveles de d\u00e9ficits de cuenta corriente y de deuda p\u00fablica de la Uni\u00f3n Europea, lo que ha preocupado de sobremanera tanto a los encargados de pol\u00edtica monetaria como a los inversionistas.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">A comienzos de este a\u00f1o, los mercados financieros comenzaron a reaccionar a estos altos niveles de deuda as\u00ed como a la p\u00e9rdida de competitividad de Portugal, Italia, Grecia, Espa\u00f1a e Irlanda por la fortaleza del euro frente a otras monedas. El diferencial al que se comercializan los bonos soberanos de estos pa\u00edses respecto de los t\u00edtulos comparables del Tesoro de Estados Unidos o de los bonos del Gobierno alem\u00e1n se increment\u00f3 de manera significativa. Y sus mercados burs\u00e1tiles cayeron en picada.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">De ese grupo de pa\u00edses, el que tiene el problema m\u00e1s serio es Grecia, que registr\u00f3 un d\u00e9ficit equivalente al 12,7% de su PIB en el 2009, mientras que su deuda p\u00fablica alcanz\u00f3 casi el 100% del PIB. Estas son cifras que usualmente se relacionan con pa\u00edses emergentes en crisis, incluidas las de Am\u00e9rica Latina en la d\u00e9cada de los 80 y el Sudeste Asi\u00e1tico en la d\u00e9cada de los 90.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">En los \u00faltimos 10 a\u00f1os, Grecia pas\u00f3 de ser una econom\u00eda emergente a un pa\u00eds desarrollado, pero parece que podr\u00eda experimentar un retroceso. Ello pese a ser un miembro fundador de la Organizaci\u00f3n para la Cooperaci\u00f3n y el Desarrollo Econ\u00f3micos y miembro de la Uni\u00f3n Europea desde 1981 (cuando era conocida como la Comunidad Europea). No obstante, hoy en d\u00eda su calificaci\u00f3n de riesgo (\u201cA-\u201c asignada por Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s) es inferior a la de otros pa\u00edses emergentes, incluida la de Chile (\u201cA+\u201d).<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Otra de las naciones de este grupo en problemas es Irlanda. La econom\u00eda irlandesa ha estado en recesi\u00f3n, o lo que algunos denominar\u00edan depresi\u00f3n, desde el 2008. Se prev\u00e9 que la actividad econ\u00f3mica de Irlanda se contraer\u00e1 un 14% en el 2010. Irlanda ha experimentado una significativa crisis bancaria luego que explotara su burbuja del sector de la vivienda en el 2008 y el sector financiero se desplomara debido a la crisis econ\u00f3mica. Irlanda estuvo a punto de clasificar a la Copa del Mundo de la FIFA que se llevar\u00e1 a cabo este a\u00f1o en Sud\u00e1frica (cuando Francia fue el villano y rompi\u00f3 los corazones de los irlandeses con un controvertido gol que cont\u00f3 con la ayuda de la mano de Thierry Henry), pero los irlandeses son los campeones mundiales en el coeficiente de deuda a PIB, \u00a1el que supera el 800%!<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Italia tampoco ha mostrado cifras macroecon\u00f3micas positivas; su deuda p\u00fablica supera el 105% del PIB. Si bien lo est\u00e1 haciendo mejor que sus pares en este grupo, el pa\u00eds a\u00fan es conocido como &#8220;el enfermo de Europa&#8221; debido a su estancamiento, la inestabilidad pol\u00edtica (pese a los esfuerzos de Berlusconi) y la falta de reformas para cambiar esta situaci\u00f3n.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Las situaciones macro de Portugal y Espa\u00f1a son m\u00e1s manejables que las de Grecia e Irlanda, pero ellas tambi\u00e9n han sido v\u00edctimas del &#8220;contagio&#8221; de inestabilidad que se origin\u00f3 en el Mar Egeo. Como otras econom\u00edas del sur de Europa, han mostrado significativas vulnerabilidades, de manera m\u00e1s importante en t\u00e9rminos de la tasa de desempleo (un 20% en Espa\u00f1a y un 10% en Portugal). Espa\u00f1a, en particular, vio como sus niveles de desempleo se disparaban cuando estall\u00f3 su burbuja del sector de la vivienda.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">Las autoridades espa\u00f1olas y portuguesas se han visto obligadas a dar confianza a los inversionistas en cuanto a que ellos no son Grecia o Irlanda. Ayuda el hecho de que, tal como Italia, ambos pa\u00edses tienen sistemas financieros bastante robustos, los que en comparaci\u00f3n han visto problemas menores.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">De las cinco naciones incluidas en este grupo, Grecia, Irlanda y Portugal son mencionadas con frecuencia como modelos a los que Chile debiera aspirar en su camino hacia el desarrollo, tanto en t\u00e9rminos de ingreso per c\u00e1pita como de indicadores m\u00e1s amplios, como el \u00edndice de desarrollo humano. Sin embargo, los chilenos deber\u00edan tener cuidado con estas comparaciones. No deben olvidar que ellos pueden elevarse, pero tambi\u00e9n pueden caer de golpe.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\"><STRONG>Axel Christensen<\/STRONG> es director gerente de BlackRock Chile.<\/P><!--:--><!--:en--><P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">The term PIGS has been popular in the financial press during the last few months. However, it is not due to a new outbreak of the misnamed &#8220;swine flu,&#8221; but rather an acronym referring to Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain. In some reports, an additional I is added (PIIGS) to include Ireland.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">What do these European countries have in common? Well, they are all members of the European Union, of course, but they also have the EU\u2019s highest levels of current account deficits and public debt, which has made policymakers and investors extremely concerned.<\/P><br \/>\n<P>Earlier this year, financial markets started to react to these high debt levels as well as the loss of competitiveness of the PIIGS due to the strength of the Euro versus other currencies. The spread at which the sovereign bonds of these countries trade against U.S. Treasury or German government bonds increased significantly. And their stock markets nosedived.<\/P><br \/>\n<P>Of the lot, the one with the most serious problem is Greece, which posted a deficit equivalent to 12.7% of its GDP in 2009, while its public debt reached almost 100% of GDP. These are figures usually related to emerging countries in crisis, including Latin America in the 1980s and South-East Asia in the 1990s.<\/P><br \/>\n<P>Greece has graduated from an emerging economy to a developed country in the last ten years, but it seems it might be headed back. This is despite being a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development and a member of the EU since 1981 (when it was known as the European Community). Today, however, its risk rating (A- by Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s) is below other emerging countries, including Chile (A+).<\/P><br \/>\n<P>Another of the PIIGS in trouble is Ireland. The Irish economy has been in a recession, or some would say a depression, since 2008. Ireland\u2019s economic activity in 2010 is expected to contract by 14%. It has undergone a significant banking crisis after its housing bubble burst in 2008 and the financial sector slumped due to the economic crisis. Ireland narrowly missed qualifying for the FIFA World Cup to be held in South Africa this year (France played the villain, breaking Irish hearts with a controversial goal set up by Thierry Henry&#8217;s handball), but the Irish are the world champions of debt ratio to GDP, exceeding 800%!<\/P><br \/>\n<P>Italy has not shown very positive macroeconomic figures either; its public debt exceeds 105% of GDP. Although it is doing better than its peer group, it is still known as &#8220;the sick man of Europe&#8221; due to economic stagnation, political instability (despite Berlusconi\u2019s efforts) and the lack of reforms to change this situation.<\/P><br \/>\n<P>The macro situations of Portugal and Spain are more manageable than those of Greece and Ireland but they too have been victims of the &#8220;contagion&#8221; of instability that originated in the Aegean Sea. Like other Southern European economies, they have shown significant vulnerabilities, most importantly in terms of unemployment (20% in Spain, 10% in Portugal). Spain, in particular, saw unemployment levels soar when its housing bubble burst.<\/P><br \/>\n<P>Spanish and Portuguese authorities have been forced to reassure investors that they are no Greece or Ireland. It helps that, like Italy, they have fairly robust financial systems, which have seen comparatively minor problems.<\/P><br \/>\n<P>Of the PIIGS, Greece, Ireland and Portugal are frequently cited as models to which Chile should aspire on its path to development, both in terms of per capita income as well as broader indicators, such as human development. But Chileans should be careful with these comparisons. They mustn\u2019t forget that pigs might be able to fly but they can also come tumbling down to earth.<\/P><br \/>\n<P><STRONG>Axel Christensen<\/STRONG> is Managing Director of BlackRock Chile.<\/P><br \/>\n<P>&nbsp;<\/P><br \/>\n<P>&nbsp;<\/P><!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">El t\u00e9rmino PIGS ha sido popular en la prensa financiera durante los \u00faltimos meses. Sin embargo, esto no se debe a una nueva crisis de la mal nombrada \u201cgripe avear\u201d, sino que se refiere al acr\u00f3nimo de las iniciales de pa\u00edses como Portugal, Italia, Grecia y espa\u00f1a. En algunos reportes&nbsp; se suman una I adicional (PIIGS) que se refiere a Irlanda.<\/P><br \/>\n<P style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: justify\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 tienen en com\u00fan Portugal, Italia, Grecia, Espa\u00f1a e Irlanda?<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news_tax":[],"user_type":[],"class_list":["post-3409","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Los modelos de rol de Chile aterrizanChile\u2019s role models come down to earth - AmCham Chile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/amchamchile.cl\/noticia\/los-modelos-de-rol-de-chile-aterrizan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Los modelos de rol de Chile aterrizanChile\u2019s role models come down to earth - AmCham Chile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"El t\u00e9rmino PIGS ha sido popular en la prensa financiera durante los \u00faltimos meses. 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